Alternating current losses in superconducting coils

Report examines relationship between coil loss and frequency and heat loss in coil as a function of the magnetic field H. Information is of value to manufacturers of superconducting magnets, motors and generators

Abelian Projection on the Torus for general Gauge Groups

We consider Yang-Mills theories with general gauge groups $G$ and twists on the four torus. We find consistent boundary conditions for gauge fields in all instanton sectors. An extended Abelian projection with respect to the Polyakov loop operator is presented, where $A_0$ is independent of time and in the Cartan subalgebra. Fundamental domains for the gauge fixed $A_0$ are constructed for arbitrary gauge groups. In the sectors with non-vanishing instanton number such gauge fixings are necessarily singular. The singularities can be restricted to Dirac strings joining magnetically charged defects. The magnetic charges of these monopoles take their values in the co-root lattice of the gauge group. We relate the magnetic charges of the defects and the windings of suitable Higgs fields about these defects to the instanton number

Patterning and Imaging of Oxides on Glassy Carbon Electrode Surfaces by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

The scanning electrochemical microscope is used to form and characterize patterns of oxides on glassy carbon surfaces. Chemically specific imaging of oxides present on these surfaces was demonstrated by taking advantage of differential heterogeneous electrontransfer rates for the Fe(II/III) reaction occurring at unoxidized and oxidized glassy carbon electrodes. Localized generation of surface oxides was demonstrated using both the microreagent and direct modification modes of SECM. The micro-reagent mode was used to perform a chemical oxidation of the surface by generating the strong oxidant Ag(II) at the UME tip while positioned close to the carbon surface, however, this technique was found to have poor reproducibility. Direct mode oxidation was found to be a much more versatile route toward the generation of complex patterns of oxides on carbon surfaces. The reproducibility of the direct mode technique was found to depend heavily on solution resistance. “Charge dose” studies, followed by reaction-rate imaging, qualitatively show that the electron-transfer rate for the Fe(II/III) system scales with the amount of charge “injected” in each oxidation experiment, indicating a correlation between surface oxide density and electron-transfer rate

Tomographic readout of an opto-mechanical interferometer

The quantum state of light changes its nature when being reflected off a mechanical oscillator due to the latter's susceptibility to radiation pressure. As a result, a coherent state can transform into a squeezed state and can get entangled with the motion of the oscillator. The complete tomographic reconstruction of the state of light requires the ability to readout arbitrary quadratures. Here we demonstrate such a readout by applying a balanced homodyne detector to an interferometric position measurement of a thermally excited high-Q silicon nitride membrane in a Michelson-Sagnac interferometer. A readout noise of \unit{1.9 \cdot 10^{-16}}{\metre/\sqrt{\hertz}} around the membrane's fundamental oscillation mode at \unit{133}{\kilo\hertz} has been achieved, going below the peak value of the standard quantum limit by a factor of 8.2 (9 dB). The readout noise was entirely dominated by shot noise in a rather broad frequency range around the mechanical resonance.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure

Critical behavior of supersymmetric O(N) models in the large-N limit

We derive a supersymmetric renormalization group (RG) equation for the scale-dependent superpotential of the supersymmetric O(N) model in three dimensions. For a supersymmetric optimized regulator function we solve the RG equation for the superpotential exactly in the large-N limit. The fixed-point solutions are classified by an exactly marginal coupling. In the weakly coupled regime there exists a unique fixed point solution, for intermediate couplings we find two separate fixed point solutions and in the strong coupling regime no globally defined fixed-point potentials exist. We determine the exact critical exponents both for the superpotential and the associated scalar potential. Finally we relate the high-temperature limit of the four-dimensional theory to the Wilson-Fisher fixed point of the purely scalar theory.Comment: 13 pages,4 figure

An all-optical trap for a gram-scale mirror

We report on a stable optical trap suitable for a macroscopic mirror, wherein the dynamics of the mirror are fully dominated by radiation pressure. The technique employs two frequency-offset laser fields to simultaneously create a stiff optical restoring force and a viscous optical damping force. We show how these forces may be used to optically trap a free mass without introducing thermal noise; and we demonstrate the technique experimentally with a 1 gram mirror. The observed optical spring has an inferred Young's modulus of 1.2 TPa, 20% stiffer than diamond. The trap is intrinsically cold and reaches an effective temperature of 0.8 K, limited by technical noise in our apparatus.Comment: Major revision. Replacement is version that appears in Phy. Rev. Lett. 98, 150802 (2007