Feedback control of unstable steady states of flow past a flat plate using reduced-order estimators

We present an estimator-based control design procedure for flow control, using reduced-order models of the governing equations, linearized about a possibly unstable steady state. The reduced models are obtained using an approximate balanced truncation method that retains the most controllable and observable modes of the system. The original method is valid only for stable linear systems, and we present an extension to unstable linear systems. The dynamics on the unstable subspace are represented by projecting the original equations onto the global unstable eigenmodes, assumed to be small in number. A snapshot-based algorithm is developed, using approximate balanced truncation, for obtaining a reduced-order model of the dynamics on the stable subspace. The proposed algorithm is used to study feedback control of 2-D flow over a flat plate at a low Reynolds number and at large angles of attack, where the natural flow is vortex shedding, though there also exists an unstable steady state. For control design, we derive reduced-order models valid in the neighborhood of this unstable steady state. The actuation is modeled as a localized body force near the leading edge of the flat plate, and the sensors are two velocity measurements in the near-wake of the plate. A reduced-order Kalman filter is developed based on these models and is shown to accurately reconstruct the flow field from the sensor measurements, and the resulting estimator-based control is shown to stabilize the unstable steady state. For small perturbations of the steady state, the model accurately predicts the response of the full simulation. Furthermore, the resulting controller is even able to suppress the stable periodic vortex shedding, where the nonlinear effects are strong, thus implying a large domain of attraction of the stabilized steady state.Comment: 36 pages, 17 figure

Simple, reproducible methods for thermal shock testing of brittle materials

Technique requires radio frequency induction power source, induction furnace and good vacuum system to induce brittle material thermal shock testing

Rock melting technology and geothermal drilling

National awareness of the potential future shortages in energy resources has heightened interest in exploration and utilization of a variety of geothermal energy (GTE) reservoirs. The status of conventional drilling of GTE wells is reviewed briefly and problem areas which lead to higher drilling costs are identified and R and D directions toward solution are suggested. In the immediate future, an expanded program of drilling in GTE formations can benefit from improvements in drilling equipment and technology normally associated with oil or gas wells. Over a longer time period, the new rock-melting drill bits being developed as a part of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory's Subterrene Program offer new solutions to a number of problems which frequently hamper GTE drilling, including the most basic problem - high temperature. Two of the most favorable characteristics of rock-melting penetrators are their ability to operate effectively in hot rock and produce glass linings around the hole as an integral part of the drilling process. The technical advantages to be gained by use of rock-melting penetrators are discussed in relation to the basic needs for GTE wells

Density Matrix Renormalization for Model Reduction in Nonlinear Dynamics

We present a novel approach for model reduction of nonlinear dynamical systems based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). Our method, derived from Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG), provides a significant reduction in computational effort for the calculation of the reduced system, compared to a POD. The efficiency of the algorithm is tested on the one dimensional Burgers equations and a one dimensional equation of the Fisher type as nonlinear model systems.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figure

Surface drilling technologies for Mars

Rock drilling and coring conceptual designs for the surface activities associated with a manned Mars mission are proposed. Straightforward extensions of equipment and procedures used on Earth are envisioned for the sample coring and shallow high explosive shot holes needed for tunneling and seismic surveying. A novel rocket exhaust jet piercing method is proposed for very rapid drilling of shot holes required for explosive excavation of emergency radiation shelters. Summaries of estimated equipment masses and power requirements are provided, and the indicated rotary coring rigs are scaled from terrestrial equipment and use compressed CO2 from the Martian atmosphere for core bit cooling and cuttings removal. A mass of 120 kg and power of 3 kW(e) are estimated for a 10 m depth capability. A 100 m depth capacity core rig requires about 1150 kg and 32 km(e). The rocket exhaust jet equipment devised for shallow (3m) explosive emplacement shot holes requires no surface power beyond an electrical ignition system, and might have a 15 kg mass

DIFFUSION AVANT ET ARRIÈRE D'IONS LOURDS ET MOMENTS ANGULAIRES COMPLEXES

L'amplitude de diffusion élastique d'ions lourds a été calculée par la formule de sommation de Poisson. Celle-ci nécessite l'évaluation d'intégrales I±m(θ), où θ est l'angle de diffusion et m = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ... A l'approximation semi-classique I±m(θ) = 0 pour m 0, bien que non nulles sont négligeables. En appliquant la méthode du col (déjà utilisée par Knoll et Schaeffer dans un problème similaire) pour les intégrales restantes, on vérifie que seule I-0 contribue aux petits angles. Elle comporte deux parties l'une liée à un col sous l'axe réel, dépendant de l'angle de diffusion, l'autre à un pôle ou à un col très localisé dans le premier quadrant du plan complexe. Les oscillations de la section efficace élastique aux angles avant résultent de l'interférence de ces deux contributions de I-0. Vers l'arrière d'autres oscillations apparaissent dues à un col de I-0 et I+-1. Si le premier terme est bien connu, le second n'existe pas a l'approximation semi-classique, car la fonction de déflexion ne peut être supérieure à 180°. La présence de I+-1, est cependant indispensable pour reproduire l'effet glory. Ces résultats ne dépendent pratiquement pas de la paramétrisation choisie. Ils ne sont fonction que des caractéristiques de la coupure des ondes partielles les plus basses, en particulier du moment angulaire d'affleurement

1998 Oregon Winery Report

This statewide survey report on Oregon wineries covers crush, equivalent wine production, inventory and equivalent inventory, and sales. The report also contains some comparisons of data for 1997 and 1998. According to the report, wineries crushed 29% fewer grapes than the previous year, and wine inventory surpassed one million cases for the first time

1997 Oregon Vineyard Report

This statewide survey report on vineyards in Oregon covers bearing and nonbearing acres, size of vineyard operation, variety and county, size distribution, prices, and yields. The report also contains some comparisons of data for 1996 and 1997. According to this report, wine grape acreage, production, and value continued to increase in 1997

1998 Oregon Vineyard Report

This statewide survey report on vineyards in Oregon covers bearing and nonbearing acres, size of vineyard operation, variety and county, size distribution, prices, and yields. The report also contains some comparisons of data for 1997 and 1998. According to this report, wine grape production declined in Oregon by 21% from the previous year