THE ASEAN-5 FUTURE CURRENCY: MAASTRICHT CRITERIA

In this recent decade, many of the economists and policymakers attempted to investigate the suitability of the East Asian region to form a currency union and based on the European countries experience as a benchmark. This study aims to investigate the long-run real convergence in GDP per capita growth among Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines, over 1978 to 2004. The Dickey-Fuller (DF) and Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root tests were conducted at first difference of GDP per capita for each country; the results demonstrated that all countries GDP per capita are stationary at first difference. The results of the Bound Testing Approach (Auto-Regression Distributed Lag (ARDL)) indicated that there is a long run relationship between variables in the Maastricht Criteria. The results showed that interest rate, inflation rate and the debt ratio experience that negative relationship to the GDP per capita. However, the exchange rate and surplus (or deficit) ratio shown the positive related to the GDP per capita. Therefore, the findings showed the ASEAN 5 countries have fulfilled the Maastricht Criteria with consistent to expected sign(s) except for Singapore’ exchange rate and Indonesia’s debt ratio. Hence, those ASEAN 5 countries in this study have potential to form a single currency.Monetary Union (MU), Bound Test (ARDL), Maastricht Criteria, Single Currency

The 2018 Nobel Laureates and Foreign-Born Scholars in the U.S. Higher Education System

Each year, the Nobel Prize is awarded to outstanding individuals in the fields of Economics, Physics, Medicine or Physiology, Chemistry, Literature, and Peace. Unlike in prior years, in 2018, none of the American winners were foreign-born individuals who immigrated to the United States or who were working at a U.S. institution at the time they won. But the United States did play an important role in their formation; nine of the twelve 2018 Nobel Laureates were either students, teachers, or research fellows at U.S. institutions of higher education at some point in their lives, even if they were not born in the United States. Three of the 2018 Nobel Laureates were foreign-born academics who spent considerable time at U.S. institutions. Their stories are the stories of dozens of foreign-born Nobel Prize Laureates and other gifted scientists who came to the United States to follow their dreams of knowledge and of genuine contribution to the wellbeing of humankind

Patient and public perception and experience of community pharmacy services post-discharge in the UK: a rapid review and qualitative study

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the perception and experience of patients and the public (PP) about community pharmacy (CP) services and other primary care services after hospital discharge back home. DESIGN AND SETTING: A rapid review and qualitative study exploring PP perceptions of primary care, focusing on CP services in the UK. METHODS: A mixed-methods approach was adopted including a rapid review undertaken between 24 April and 8 May 2019 across four databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL). Semistructured interviews were then conducted investigating for shifts in current PP perception, but also nuanced opinion pertaining to CP services. A convenience sampling technique was used through two online PP groups for recruitment. Thematic framework analysis was applied to interview transcripts. PARTICIPANTS: Any consenting adults ≥18 years old were invited regardless of their medical condition, and whether they had used post-discharge services or not. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Patients were generally supportive and satisfied with primary care services. However, some barriers to the use of these services included: resource limitations; poor communication between healthcare providers or between patient and healthcare providers; and patients' lack of awareness of available services. From the 11 interviewees, there was a lack of awareness of CP post-discharge services. Nevertheless, there was general appreciation of the benefit of CP services to patients, professionals and wider healthcare system. Potential barriers to uptake and use included: accessibility, resource availability, lack of awareness, and privacy and confidentiality issues related to information-sharing. Several participants felt the uptake of such services should be improved. CONCLUSION: There was alignment between the review and qualitative study about high patient acceptance, appreciation and satisfaction with primary care services post-discharge. Barriers to the use of CP post-discharge services identified from interviews resonated with the existing literature; this is despite developments in pharmacy practice in recent times towards clinical and public health services

On a Site of X-ray Emission in AE Aquarii

An analysis of recently reported results of XMM-Newton observations of AE Aqr within a hypothesis that the detected X-ray source is located inside the Roche lobe of the white dwarf is presented. I show this hypothesis to be inconsistent with the currently adopted model of mass-transfer in the system. Possible solutions of this problem are briefly discussed.Comment: 4 pages, accepted for publication in ApJ Letter

Zwitterionic borane adducts of N-heterocyclic carbenes from mesomeric betaines of uracil

Peer reviewe

Use of a service evaluation and lean thinking transformation to redesign an NHS 111 refer to community Pharmacy for Emergency Repeat Medication Supply Service (PERMSS).

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the contribution of community pharmacy from NHS 111 referrals out of hours (OOH) for emergency supply repeat medication requests via presentation of service activity, community pharmacist feedback and lean thinking transformation. DESIGN: Descriptive service evaluation using routine service activity data over the pilot period; survey of community pharmacists, and service redesign through lean thinking transformation. SETTING: North East of England NHS 111 provider and accredited community pharmacies across the North East of England. PARTICIPANTS: Patients calling the North East of England NHS 111 provider during OOH with emergency repeat medication supply requests. INTERVENTIONS: NHS 111 referral to community pharmacies for assessment and if appropriate, supply of emergency repeat medication. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of emergency repeat medication supply referrals, completion rates, reasons for rejections, time of request, reason for access, medication(s), pharmaceutical advice and services provided. Secondary outcomes were community pharmacist feedback and lean thinking transformation of the patient pathway. RESULTS: NHS 111 referred 1468 patients to 114 community pharmacies (15/12/2014-7/4/2015). Most patients presented on Saturdays, with increased activity over national holidays. Community pharmacists completed 951 (64.8%) referrals providing 2297 medications; 412 were high risk. The most common reason for rejecting referrals was no medication in stock. Community pharmacists were positive about the provision of this service. The lean thinking transformation reduced the number of non-added value steps, waits and bottlenecks in the patient pathway. CONCLUSIONS: NHS 111 can redirect callers OOH from urgent and emergency care services to community pharmacy for management of emergency repeat medication supply. Existing IT and community pharmacy regulations allowed patients to receive a medication supply and pharmaceutical advice. Community pharmacists supported integration into the NHS OOH services. Adopting lean thinking provided a structured framework to evaluate and redesign the service with the aim to improve effectiveness and efficiency

Use of a service evaluation and lean thinking transformation to redesign an NHS 111 refer to community Pharmacy for Emergency Repeat Medication Supply Service (PERMSS).

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the contribution of community pharmacy from NHS 111 referrals out of hours (OOH) for emergency supply repeat medication requests via presentation of service activity, community pharmacist feedback and lean thinking transformation. DESIGN: Descriptive service evaluation using routine service activity data over the pilot period; survey of community pharmacists, and service redesign through lean thinking transformation. SETTING: North East of England NHS 111 provider and accredited community pharmacies across the North East of England. PARTICIPANTS: Patients calling the North East of England NHS 111 provider during OOH with emergency repeat medication supply requests. INTERVENTIONS: NHS 111 referral to community pharmacies for assessment and if appropriate, supply of emergency repeat medication. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of emergency repeat medication supply referrals, completion rates, reasons for rejections, time of request, reason for access, medication(s), pharmaceutical advice and services provided. Secondary outcomes were community pharmacist feedback and lean thinking transformation of the patient pathway. RESULTS: NHS 111 referred 1468 patients to 114 community pharmacies (15/12/2014-7/4/2015). Most patients presented on Saturdays, with increased activity over national holidays. Community pharmacists completed 951 (64.8%) referrals providing 2297 medications; 412 were high risk. The most common reason for rejecting referrals was no medication in stock. Community pharmacists were positive about the provision of this service. The lean thinking transformation reduced the number of non-added value steps, waits and bottlenecks in the patient pathway. CONCLUSIONS: NHS 111 can redirect callers OOH from urgent and emergency care services to community pharmacy for management of emergency repeat medication supply. Existing IT and community pharmacy regulations allowed patients to receive a medication supply and pharmaceutical advice. Community pharmacists supported integration into the NHS OOH services. Adopting lean thinking provided a structured framework to evaluate and redesign the service with the aim to improve effectiveness and efficiency

Atomic Layer Deposition Nucleation Dependence on Diamond Surface Termination

Surface termination and interfacial interactions are critical for advanced solid-state quantum applications. In this paper, we demonstrate that atomic layer deposition (ALD) can both provide valuable insight on the chemical environment of the surface, having sufficient sensitivity to distinguish between the common diamond (001) surface termination types and passivate these interfaces as desired. We selected diamond substrates exhibiting both smooth and anomalously rough surfaces to probe the effect of morphology on ALD nucleation. We use high resolution in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry to monitor the surface reaction with sub-angstrom resolution, to evaluate the nucleation of an ALD Al2O3 process as a function of different ex and in situ treatments to the diamond surface. In situ water dosing and high vacuum annealing provided the most favorable environment for nucleation of dimethylaluminum isopropoxide and water ALD. Hydrogen termination passivated both smooth and rough surfaces while triacid cleaning passivated the smooth surface only, with striking effectiveness.Comment: 31 pages, 14 figure

Studies on the controlled rearing and ideal range of Environmental Conditions required for the mass production of selected marine copepods as Live-Feed for marine fish larvae

Studies on the controlled rearing and ideal range of Environmental Conditions required for the mass production of selected marine copepods as Live-Feed for marine fish larva

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