Aprovechamiento de desechos frutales en la producción de alcohol potable

En este trabajo se desarrolló un proceso para el aprovechamiento de desechos frutales, para producir alcohol potable. Se trabajó con desechos de ciruelas y manzanas provenientes de plantas de packing y deshidratado. Se determinó la influencia en el rendimiento alcohólico de: contenido inicial de sacarosa, concentración de levadura y temperatura de fermentación. Se realizaron las pruebas legales de potabilidad para determinar la posibilidad de consumo humano. Finalmente, se determinó el aumento de contenido proteico en las tortas de fermentación para un posible uso en alimentación animal. Las pruebas de potabilidad indicaron que los contenidos de impurezas fueron en todos los casos inferiores a los máx imos permitidos por la ley

Un índice de sustentabilidad para la evaluación integral de los sistemas de gestión del agua y el saneamiento

En este trabajo se presenta un índice para la evaluación de la sustentabilidad de los sistemas de gestión del agua y el saneamiento. El índice, denominado ISAS (Índice de Sustentabilidad del Agua y el Saneamiento) se basa en un marco conceptual que considera que la sustentabilidad se debería ver como una combinación de aspectos territoriales, temporales y personales. Para la construcción del ISAS se seleccionaron un conjunto de indicadores de sustentabilidad que fueron definidos en función del marco conceptual adoptado. El ISAS se utilizó para evaluar la sustentabilidad del sistema de gestión del agua y el saneamiento de la ciudad de Salta, Argentina. Los indicadores fueron calculados con información de revisiones bibliográficas, cuestionarios, visitas, talleres, datos estadísticos, y análisis de muestras de agua y aguas residuales. El método fue lo suficientemente sensible como para detectar variaciones entre diferentes aspectos del sistema estudiado. Fue también relativamente independiente de la cantidad y la calidad de la información disponible. En el caso de Salta, el valor obtenido para el ISAS fue de 51 puntos en una escala de 0 a 100 cuyo umbral de aceptabilidad se estableció en 50 puntos. El cálculo del ISAS permitió identificar una serie de aspectos del sistema que requieren mejoras y optimización. Este índice puede ser una herramienta útil para evaluar y mejorar la sustentabilidad de los sistemas de gestión del agua y el saneamiento en la región.A comprehensive sustainability index for the assessment of water and sanitation management systems (WSMS) is presented. The index was based on a conceptual framework that perceives sustainability as a combination of territorial, temporal, and personal aspects. A set of sustainability indicators was selected in agreement with this framework, and the “Water and Sanitation Sustainability Index” (WASSI) was built. The WASSI was then used to assess the sustainability of the WSMS of the city of Salta, Argentina. Indicators were calculated with information gathered by several means including literature reviews, questionnaires, visits, sampling, and participatory workshops. The index was sensitive to detect variations between different aspects of the local WSMS. It was also relatively independent of the quantity and quality of the information available. In the case of Salta, the value obtained for the index was 51 points in a scale going from 0 to 100 in which the acceptability threshold was set at 50 points. The WASSI could be a useful tool to assess and improve the sustainability of regional water and sanitation management systems.Fil: Seghezzo, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Iribarnegaray, Martín Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Liberal, V. I.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Copa, F. R.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Guerra Munizaga, M. S.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: León, H. E.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Ruíz, C. Y.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta; Argentin

Significance of K-Ar dating of very low-grade metamorphism in Triassic-Jurassic pelites from the Coastal Range of central Chile

El artículo original ha sido publicado por la Mineralogical Society disponible en: http://www.minersoc.org/pages/e_journals/clay.htmlK-Ar isotopic dating of very low-grade metamorphism affecting Triassic-Jurassic rocks in the Coastal Range of central Chile was carried out on whole rocks and their <2 mm size fractions. In the study area, a regional-burial low-grade metamorphism at anchizone conditions (T ≤ 190ºC) and low-pressure conditions (P ≥1.3 kbar) has been described. Observed temperatures are related to a contact metamorphism produced by nearby Jurassic intrusions, with a P-T estimate at the immediate contact zone of ~650-690ºC and 4 kbar. The whole-rock K-Ar age of 174?5 Ma is interpreted as belonging to the contact metamorphism due to the intrusion of Jurassic plutons (165±5 Ma to 175±5 Ma). A time-interval of ~20 Ma between the diagenesis (206 Ma) and the anchizonal very low-grade metamorphism (181-184 Ma) is obtained, and a rate of subsidence of ~120 m/Ma is proposed for these Triassic-Jurassic basins. A thermal influence on the burial, very low-grade, regional metamorphism is invoked.Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrologí

Latin American Thyroid Society Recommendations For The Management Of Thyroid Nodules [recomendações Da Sociedade Latino-americana De Tireoide No Manejo De Nódulos Tireoideos]

Several guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules and cancer have recently been published. However, recommended practices are not always appropriate to different settings or countries. The aim of this consensus was to develop Clinical Guidelines for evaluation and management of patients with thyroid nodules applicable to Latin American countries. The panel was composed by 13 members of the Latin American Thyroid Society involved with research and management of thyroid nodules and cancer from different medical centers in Latin America. The consensus was produced based on the expert opinion of the panel with use of principles of evidence-based medicine. Following a group meeting, a first draft based on the expert opinion of the panel was elaborated and later circulated among panel members for further revision. After revision, this document was submitted to all LATS members for commentaries and considerations and finally revised and refined by the authors. The final recommendations represent state of the art on management of thyroid nodules applied to all Latin American countries. © ABE&M todos os direitos reservados.53911671175Villena, J., Pretell, E., Bocio nodular tóxico en pacientes de zonas yodo deficientes y de la costa (1991) Rev Méd Hered, 2 (4), pp. 149-155Villena, J., Ferrufino, J.C., Klinge, G., Nódulo tireoideo frio. Características clínicas y anatomopatológicas en pacientes migrantes de zonas con deficiencia de yodo y de la costa (1993) Rev Méd Hered, 4 (4), pp. 188-193Harach, H.R., Ceballos, G.A., Thyroid cancer, thyroiditis and dietary iodine: A review based on the Salta, Argentina model (2008) Endocr Pathol, 19 (4), pp. 209-220Pretell, E.A., Delange, F., Hostalek, U., Corigliano, S., Barreda, L., Higa, A.M., Iodine nutrition improves in Latin America (2004) Thyroid, 14 (8), pp. 595-604Harach, H.R., Franssila, K.O., Wasenius, V.M., Occult papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. A "normal" finding in Finland. A systematic autopsy study (1985) Cancer, 56 (3), pp. 531-538Rosai, J., Livolsi, V.A., Sobrinho-Simoes, M., Williams, E.D., Renaming papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid gland: The Porto proposal (2003) Int J Surg Pathol, 11 (4), pp. 249-251Hay, I.D., Grant, C.S., van Heerden, J.A., Goellner, J.R., Ebersold, J.R., Bergstralh, E.J., Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A study of 535 cases observed in a 50-year period (1992) Surgery, 112 (6), pp. 1139-1146Jukkola, A., Bloigu, R., Ebeling, T., Salmela, P., Blanco, G., Prognostic factors in differentiated thyroid carcinomas and their implications for current staging classifications (2004) Endocr Relat Cancer, 11 (3), pp. 571-579Passler, C., Scheuba, C., Prager, G., Kaczirek, K., Kaserer, K., Zettinig, G., Prognostic factors of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer: Differences in an iodine-replete endemic goiter region (2004) Endocr Relat Cancer, 11 (1), pp. 131-139Rossi, R., Roti, E., Trasforini, G., Pansini, G., Cavazzini, L., Zatelli, M.C., Differentiated thyroid cancers 11-20 mm in diameter have clinical and histopathologic characteristics suggesting higher aggressiveness than those ≤ 10 mm (2008) Thyroid, 18 (3), pp. 309-315Curtis, R.E., Rowlings, P.A., Deeg, H.J., Shriner, D.A., Socie, G., Travis, L.B., Solid cancers after bone marrow transplantation (1997) N Engl J Med, 336 (13), pp. 897-904Sippel, R.S., Caron, N.R., Clark, O.H., An evidence-based approach to familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer: Screening, clinical management, and follow-up (2007) World J Surg, 31 (5), pp. 924-933Pacini, F., Pinchera, A., Giani, C., Grasso, L., Doveri, F., Baschieri, L., Serum thyroglobulin in thyroid carcinoma and other thyroid disorders (1980) J Endocrinol Invest, 3 (3), pp. 283-292Niccoli, P., Wion-Barbot, N., Caron, P., Henry, J.F., de Micco, C., Saint Andre, J.P., Interest of routine measurement of serum calcitonin: Study in a large series of thyroidectomized patients. The French Medullary Study Group (1997) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82 (2), pp. 338-341Gagel, R.F., Hoff, A.O., Cote, G.J., Medullary thyroid carcinoma (2005) Werner and Ingbar's the Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text, pp. 967-988. , In: Lewis E, Robert D, Sidney H, Sidney C, (Eds)., Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and WilkinsPapini, E., Guglielmi, R., Bianchini, A., Crescenzi, A., Taccogna, S., Nardi, F., Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: Predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87 (5), pp. 1941-1946Camargo, R.Y., Tomimori, E.K., Knobel, M., Medeiros-Neto, G., Preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules: Role of ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration biopsy followed by cytology (2007) Clinics, 62 (4), pp. 411-418Kang, H.W., No, J.H., Chung, J.H., Min, Y.K., Lee, M.S., Lee, M.K., Prevalence, clinical and ultrasonographic characteristics of thyroid incidentalomas (2004) Thyroid, 14 (1), pp. 29-33Shimura, H., Haraguchi, K., Hiejima, Y., Fukunari, N., Fujimoto, Y., Katagiri, M., Distinct diagnostic criteria for ultrasonographic examination of papillary thyroid carcinoma: A multicenter study (2005) Thyroid, 15 (3), pp. 251-258Cappelli, C., Castellano, M., Pirola, I., Cumetti, D., Agosti, B., Gandossi, E., The predictive value of ultrasound findings in the management of thyroid nodules (2007) Qjm, 100 (1), pp. 29-35Holden, A., The role of colour and duplex Doppler ultrasound in the assessment of thyroid nodules (1995) Australas Radiol, 39 (4), pp. 343-349Papini, E., Guglielmi, R., Bianchini, A., Crescenzi, A., Taccogna, S., Nardi, F., Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: Predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87 (5), pp. 1941-1946Chammas, M.C., Gerhard, R., de Oliveira, I.R., Widman, A., de Barros, N., Durazzo, M., Thyroid nodules: Evaluation with power Doppler and duplex Doppler ultrasound (2005) Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 132 (6), pp. 874-882Frates, M.C., Benson, C.B., Doubilet, P.M., Cibas, E.S., Marqusee, E., Can color Doppler sonography aid in the prediction of malignancy of thyroid nodules? (2003) J Ultrasound Med, 22 (2), pp. 127-131Rago, T., Vitti, P., Chiovato, L., Mazzeo, S., de Liperi, A., Miccoli, P., Role of conventional ultrasonography and color flow-doppler sonography in predicting malignancy in 'cold' thyroid nodules (1998) Eur J Endocrinol, 138 (1), pp. 41-46Lyshchik, A., Moses, R., Barnes, S.L., Higashi, T., Asato, R., Miga, M.I., Quantitative analysis of tumor vascularity in benign and malignant solid thyroid nodules (2007) J Ultrasound Med, 26 (6), pp. 837-846Tamsel, S., Demirpolat, G., Erdogan, M., Nart, D., Karadeniz, M., Uluer, H., Power Doppler US patterns of vascularity and spectral Doppler US parameters in predicting malignancy in thyroid nodules (2007) Clin Radiol, 62 (3), pp. 245-251Pacini, F., Burroni, L., Ciuoli, C., di Cairano, G., Guarino, E., Management of thyroid nodules: A clinicopathological, evidence-based approach (2004) Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 31 (10), pp. 1443-1449Kim, T.Y., Kim, W.B., Ryu, J.S., Gong, G., Hong, S.J., Shong YK. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in thyroid from positron emission tomogram (PET) for evaluation in cancer patients: High prevalence of malignancy in thyroid PET incidentaloma (2005) Laryngoscope, 115 (6), pp. 1074-1078Danese, D., Sciacchitano, S., Farsetti, A., Andreoli, M., Pontecorvi, A., Diagnostic accuracy of conventional versus sonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules (1998) Thyroid, 8 (1), pp. 15-21de la Serna Saravia, C., Cuellar, F., Accuracy of aspiration cytology in thyroid cancer: A study in 1 institution (2006) Acta Cytol, 50 (4), pp. 384-387Giorgadze, T., Rossi, E.D., Fadda, G., Gupta, P.K., Livolsi, V.A., Baloch, Z., Does the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of "Hurthle-cell neoplasm/follicular neoplasm with oncocytic features" denote increased risk of malignancy? (2004) Diagn Cytopathol, 31 (5), pp. 307-312Niepomniszcze, H., Garcia, A., Faure, E., Castellanos, A., del Carmen Zalazar, M., Bur, G., Long-term follow-up of contralateral lobe in patients hemithyroidectomized for solitary follicular adenoma (2001) Clin Endocrinol (oxf), 55 (4), pp. 509-513Alcantara-Jones, D.M., Araujo, L.M., Almeida, A.M., Jones, D.A., Cardoso, L.J., Passos, M.C., Percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of thyroid nodules (2006) Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 50 (1), pp. 97-104Lippi, F., Ferrari, C., Manetti, L., Rago, T., Santini, F., Monzani, F., Treatment of solitary autonomous thyroid nodules by percutaneous ethanol injection: Results of an Italian multicenter study. The Multicenter Study Group (1996) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81 (9), pp. 3261-3264Hegedüs, L., Hansen, B.M., Knudsen, N., Hansen, J.M., Reduction of size of thyroid with radioactive iodine in multinodular non-toxic goitre (1988) Bmj, 297 (6649), pp. 661-662Huysmans, D., Hermus, A., Edelbroek, M., Barentsz, J., Corstens, F., Kloppenborg, P., Radioiodine for nontoxic multinodular goiter (1997) Thyroid, 7 (2), pp. 235-239Nygaard, B., Hegedus, L., Ulriksen, P., Nielsen, K.G., Hansen, J.M., Radioiodine therapy for multinodular toxic goiter (1999) Arch Intern Med, 159 (12), pp. 1364-1368Huysmans, D.A., Hermus, A.R., Corstens, F.H., Barentsz, J.O., Kloppenborg, P.W., Large, compressive goiters treated with radioiodine (1994) Ann Intern Med, 121 (10), pp. 757-762Nygaard, B., Soes-Petersen, U., Hoilund-Carlsen, P.F., Veje, A., Holst, P.E., Vestergaard, A., Improvement of upper airway obstruction after 131I-treatment of multinodular nontoxic goiter evaluated by flow volume loop curves (1996) J Endocrinol Invest, 19 (2), pp. 71-75Nygaard, B., Faber, J., Hegedus, L., Acute changes in thyroid volume and function following 131I therapy of multinodular goitre (1994) Clin Endocrinol (oxf), 41 (6), pp. 715-718Huysmans, D.A., Nieuwlaat, W.A., Erdtsieck, R.J., Schellekens, A.P., Bus, J.W., Bravenboer, B., Administration of a single low dose of recombinant human thyrotropin significantly enhances thyroid radioiodide uptake in nontoxic nodular goiter (2000) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85 (10), pp. 3592-3596Nieuwlaat, W.A., Hermus, A.R., Sivro-Prndelj, F., Corstens, F.H., Huysmans, D.A., Pretreatment with recombinant human TSH changes the regional distribution of radioiodine on thyroid scintigrams of nodular goiters (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86 (11), pp. 5330-5336Nieuwlaat, W.A., Huysmans, D.A., van den Bosch, H.C., Sweep, C.G., Ross, H.A., Corstens, F.H., Pretreatment with a single, low dose of recombinant human thyrotropin allows dose reduction of radioiodine therapy in patients with nodular goiter (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88 (7), pp. 3121-3129Duick, D.S., Baskin, H.J., Utility of recombinant human thyrotropin for augmentation of radioiodine uptake and treatment of nontoxic and toxic multinodular goiters (2003) Endocr Pract, 9 (3), pp. 204-209Silva, M.N., Rubio, I.G., Romao, R., Gebrin, E.M., Buchpiguel, C., Tomimori, E., Administration of a single dose of recombinant human thyrotrophin enhances the efficacy of radioiodine treatment of large compressive multinodular goitres (2004) Clin Endocrinol (oxf), 60 (3), pp. 300-308Albino, C.C., Mesa Jr., C.O., Olandoski, M., Ueda, C.E., Woellner, L.C., Goedert, C.A., Recombinant human thyrotropin as adjuvant in the treatment of multinodular goiters with radioiodine (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90 (5), pp. 2775-2780Friguglietti, C.U., Lin, C.S., Kulcsar, M.A., Total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease (2003) Laryngoscope, 113 (10), pp. 1820-1826Rezzonico, J., Rezzonico, M., Pusiol, E., Pitoia, F., Neipomniszcze, H., Introducing the thyroid gland as another victim of the insulin resistance syndrome (2008) Thyroid, 18 (4), pp. 461-464Vella, V., Sciacca, L., Pandini, G., Mineo, R., Squatrito, S., Vigneri, R., The IGF system in thyroid cancer: New concepts (2001) Mol Pathol, 54 (3), pp. 121-124Rezzonico, J., Rezzonico, M., Pusiol, E., Pitoia, F., Neipomniszcze, H., 2008 Metformin treatment of benign thyroid nodules in euthytoid patients with insulin resistance (2008) Diabetes Vasc Dis Reas, 5, p. 223Papini, E., Guglielmi, R., Bizzarri, G., Graziano, F., Bianchini, A., Brufani, C., Pacella, S., Pacella, C.M., Treatment of benign cold thyroid nodules: A randomized clinical trial of percutaneous lases ablation versus levothyroxine therapy or follow-up (2007) Thyroid, pp. 229-235Spiezia, S., Garberoglio, R., Milone, F., Ramundo, V., Caiazzo, C., Assanti, A.P., Thyroid nodules and related symptoms are stably controlled two years after radiofrequency thermal ablation (2009) Thyroid, 19 (3), pp. 219-225Alexander, E.K., Hurwitz, S., Heering, J.P., Benson, C.B., Frates, M.C., Doubilet, P.M., Natural history of benign solid and cystic thyroid nodules (2003) Ann Intern Med, 138 (4), pp. 315-318Carmeci, C., Jeffrey, R.B., McDougall, I.R., Nowels, K.W., Weigel, R.J., Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid masses (1998) Thyroid, 8 (4), pp. 283-289Ylagan, L.R., Farkas, T., Dehner, L.P., Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid: A cytohistologic correlation and study of discrepant cases (2004) Thyroid, 14 (1), pp. 35-41Hung, W., Anderson, K.D., Chandra, R.S., Kapur, S.P., Patterson, K., Randolph, J.G., Solitary thyroid nodules in 71 children and adolescents (1992) J Pediatr Surg, 27 (11), pp. 1407-1409Yip, F.W., Reeve, T.S., Poole, A.G., Delbridge, L., Thyroid nodules in childhood and adolescence (1994) Aust N Z J Surg, 64 (10), pp. 676-678Hegedus, L., Clinical practice. The thyroid nodule (2004) N Engl J Med, 351 (17), pp. 1764-1771Niedziela, M., Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children (2006) Endocr Relat Cancer, 13 (2), pp. 427-453Degnan, B.M., McClellan, D.R., Francis, G.L., An analysis of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid in children and adolescents (1996) J Pediatr Surg, 31 (7), pp. 903-907Lugo-Vicente, H., Ortiz, V.N., Irizarry, H., Camps, J.I., Pagan, V., Pediatric thyroid nodules: Management in the era of fine needle aspiration (1998) J Pediatr Surg, 33 (8), pp. 1302-1305Corrias, A., Einaudi, S., Chiorboli, E., Weber, G., Crino, A., Andreo, M., Accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in detecting malignancy in childhood: Comparison with conventional clinical, laboratory, and imaging approaches (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86 (10), pp. 4644-4648Amrikachi, M., Ponder, T.B., Wheeler, T.M., Smith, D., Ramzy, I., Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy in children and adolescents: Experience with 218 aspirates (2005) Diagn Cytopathol, 32 (4), pp. 189-192Gharib, H., Papini, E., Valcavi, R., Baskin, H.J., Crescenzi, A., Dottorini, M.E., Duick, D.S., Zini, M., AACE/AME Task Force on Thyroid Nodules. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules (2006) Endocr Pract, 12 (1), pp. 63-102Wiersinga, W.M., Management of thyroid nodules in children and adolescents (2007) Hormones (athens), 6 (3), pp. 194-199Moosa, M., Mazzaferri, E.L., Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed in pregnant women (1997) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82 (9), pp. 2862-286

Desarrollo de una metodología integral para la evaluación de la sustentabilidad del sistema de gestión del agua y el saneamiento en Salta, Argentina

Este trabajo presenta resultados de un proyecto cuyo objetivo es el desarrollo de una metodología integral para evaluar la sustentabilidad del Sistema de Gestión del Agua y el Saneamiento (SGAS) en Salta, Argentina. El proyecto se basa en una noción de sustentabilidad que enfatiza los aspectos territoriales, temporales y personales del desarrollo. Esta noción se considera superadora del tradicional triángulo de la sustentabilidad formado por economía, ambiente, y sociedad. Una partecentral del método desarrollado es la identificación y medición de indicadores de sustentabilidad. Los indicadores se construyen siguiendo seis criterios específicos o “descriptores” del sistema de gestión (cobertura, cantidad, calidad, contaminación, consumo, y ciudadanía). A modo de ejemplo, se presentan los primeros resultados obtenidos para la construcción de un “Índice de Sustentabilidad Institucional” (ISI) vinculado al descriptor “Ciudadanía”. Un análisis similar seaplicará al resto de los descriptores para obtener un índice de sustentabilidad global del SGAS estudiado.In this paper we present results from a research project aiming to the development of an integral method for assessing the sustainability of Water and Sanitation Management Systems (WSMS) in Salta, Argentina. The conceptual framework upon which the method was built is based on a notion of sustainability that emphasizes the territorial, temporal, and personal aspects of development. This notion was considered an improvement of the traditional sustainability triangle formed by economy, environment, and society. A core part of the method is the identification and measurement of sustainability indicators according to six specific criteria or “descriptors” (coverage, quantity, quality, pollution, consumption, and citizenship). As an example, we present results on the construction of an “Institutional Sustainability Index” (ISI) related to descriptor “Citizenship”. A similar analysis will be applied to the remaining descriptors in order to obtain a global sustainability index for the entire WSMS studied.Fil: Iribarnegaray, Martín Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; ArgentinaFil: Copa, F. R.. Ministerio de Ciencia. Tecnología e Innovación Productiva. Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; ArgentinaFil: Dominguez, R. S.. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Guerra Munizaga, M. S.. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: León, H. E.. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Moreno Solá, A. L.. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Ruiz, C. Y.. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Liberal, V. I.. Universidad Nacional de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Seghezzo, Lucas. Universidad Nacional de Salta; Argentin

Historical Everyday Geopolitics on the Chile-Peru Border

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.Geopolitics is increasingly seen by scholars as occurring in everyday spaces and performed by ordinary people. This paper extends this idea to historical work to examine how citizens themselves (re)produce geopolitics at the time of historical events. It does so through a case study of geopolitical tension on the Chile‐Peru border in the 1970s. Through oral histories and newspaper analysis, a historical everyday geopolitics approach reveals how those living in the Chilean border city of Arica played a part in promoting national and border security. This centres the embodied and emotional experiences of those affected by violence and conflict