Terapia de reposição hormonal e o risco de câncer de mama: avaliação de atitudes em pacientes previamente tratadas por câncer de mama

INTRODUCTION: In the postmenopausal period, an average of 25% of women will present symptomatic ovarian failure requiring hormonal replacement therapy. Estrogen can relieve vasomotor symptoms. Hormonal replacement therapy is generally not recommended for breast cancer patients due to the potential risk of tumor recurrence. To answer the questions about the safety of hormonal replacement therapy in this subgroup of women, it is necessary to establish the acceptance of treatment. METHODS: Between September 1998 and February 2001, a cohort of 216 breast cancer patients were asked to complete a questionnaire. All patients had completed their treatment and were informed about survival rates after breast cancer and hormonal replacement therapy. RESULTS: Among the 216 patients, 134 (62%) would refuse hormonal replacement therapy. A hundred patients were afraid of relapse (74.6%). Adjuvant tamoxifen therapy was the only statistically significant variable (70.3% versus 29.7% p=0.003). Understanding clinical stage (p= 0.045) and type of medical assistance (private versus public , p=0.033) also seemed to influence the decision. Early stage disease (p= 0.22), type of surgical procedure (radical versus conservative, p=0.67), adjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.082) or marital status (p=0.98 ) were not statistically significant in decision making. Several patients submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy (41.6%) would accept hormonal replacement therapy under medical supervision, as did most of advanced clinical stage patients (58.3%; p=0.022). CONCLUSION: There is a high level of rejection for hormonal replacement therapy among breast cancer patients when current data on tumor cure rates, and potential risks of estrogen use is available. Adverse effects of tamoxifen in the adjuvant setting may be the reason for refusal of hormonal replacement therapy .INTRODUÇÃO: Cerca de 25% das mulheres apresentarão deficiência estrogênica sintomática necessitando terapia de reposição hormonal. A utilização de terapia de reposição hormonal diminui os sintomas vasomotores e outras morbimortalidades. A terapia de reposição hormonal geralmente não é recomendada para as pacientes com câncer de mama, devido o possível aumento no risco de recorrência. Para responder às questões sobre a segurança da terapia de reposição hormonal neste subgrupo de mulheres, é necessário estabelecer a aceitação do tratamento. MÉTODO: Entre setembro de 1998 e fevereiro de 2001, 216 pacientes foram submetidas a um questionário auto-aplicável. As pacientes haviam encerrado o tratamento antineoplásico e, receberam informações sobre as taxas de sobrevida após câncer de mama e terapia de reposição hormonal. RESULTADOS: Entre as 216 pacientes, 134(62%) não fariam terapia de reposição hormonal. Cem pacientes receavam uma recorrência (74,6%). Tamoxifeno adjuvante foi a única variável estatisticamente significativa (70,3% versus 29,7% p=0,003). Conhecimento do estádio clínico (p= 0,045) e tipo de assistência médica (privada versus pública , p=0,033) parecem influenciar a decisão. Estádio inicial (p= 0,22), tipo de cirurgia (radical versus conservadora, p=0,67), quimioterapia adjuvante (p=0,082) ou estado civil (p=0,98) não foram estatisticamente significativos. Várias pacientes submetidas à quimioterapia adjuvante (41,6%) aceitariam terapia de reposição hormonal sob supervisão médica, assim como a maioria das pacientes com doença avançada (58,3%; p=0,022). DISCUSSÃO: Foi observada uma alta taxa de rejeição à terapia de reposição hormonal entre as pacientes quando informações atualizadas sobre taxas de cura, e potenciais riscos do uso de estrógeno estão disponíveis. Efeitos adversos associados ao tamoxifeno adjuvante poderiam estar relacionados à maior recusa

Optical phonon modes and infrared dielectric properties of monoclinic CoWO 4 microcrystals.

The phonon characteristics of CoWO4 microcrystals with monoclinic Wolframite structure were investigated by far-infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies. Near-normal spectra were taken for IR light polarization along the principal b-axis (Au modes) and along several angles within the ac-plane (Bu modes). The IR spectra were analyzed with a generalized Drude– Lorentz model, and all predicted polar phonon modes were fully determined, including their symmetries, the dielectric Lorentz parameters and the non-orthogonal phonon polarizations for the Bu modes. Anomalous dispersion and negative values for the real and imaginary parts of the off-diagonal components of the dielectric tensor functions were identified and discussed under the light of the varying phonon polarization directions (spread out in the ac-plane). The obtained static and background dielectric tensors gave an average permittivity of 16.1 (at microwave region), refractive indices along the principal dielectric axes of 2.22, 2.33 and 2.44 (at 1 μm), the optical axes, and an estimated value for the biaxial angle of the crystal. Polarized Raman spectra on appropriate scattering configurations revealed the 18 non-polar gerade phonons of CoWO4 crystals, with their correct symmetries attributed

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data