Collagenous microstructure of the glenoid labrum and biceps anchor.

Submitted versio

Enhancement of Difficult Nonunion in Children with Osteogenic Protein-1 (OP-1): Early Experience

Numerous studies have described the use of osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) in adults, but there are few reports in children. The objectives of this short-term followup cohort study were (1) to examine clinical and radiographic healing of persistent nonunions after OP-1 application in children; and (2) to determine the safety of OP-1 use in this sample. Clinical healing was defined by absence of pain and tenderness at the nonunion site and the ability to fully weight bear on the affected limb. Radiographic healing was determined by bony bridging of the nonunion site in at least one view. Safety was defined as the absence of major adverse events, including allergic reactions, infections, local inflammatory reactions, and heterotopic ossification. OP-1 was used in 19 patients who had an operative procedure for the bridging of persistent nonunions between 1999 and 2007. The mean age was 11.6 years (range, 4.8–20.3 years). Thirteen patients had persistent nonunion after one or more previous surgeries, prior to the initial OP-1 application. A single dose of 3.5 mg of OP-1 mixed with 1 g of Type I bovine collagen was applied to 23 sites of 19 patients. Three patients received additional OP-1 applications. Healing occurred clinically and radiographically in 17 of the 23 sites. Complications included four superficial pin site infections, one deep infection, and two fractures. No major local adverse event related to OP-1 application was noted in our sample. Our findings suggest OP-1 stimulates healing of persistent nonunions without major adverse events in our patient population

Caractérisation des forêts mélangées

International audienceAn appropriate, common interpretation of stand structure characteristics is a key element to better understand forest ecosystem ecology and dynamics. Standards for characterizing the structure, dynamics and productivity of even-aged pure stands are well developed, but such harmonized concepts and methods for mixed forest stands are lacking. Here we compile a comprehensive set of measures, indices and methods at stand level to characterize and evaluate mixed stands. The chapter is organized according to the main components of the structure of forest stands; hence it includes (1) the most relevant concepts and approaches to describe stand density as a key component of stand structure; (2) stand species composition indicators and the most common species diversity indices used in the science of forest growth and yield; (3) how to describe tree distribution patterns, including horizontal spatial pattern, species intermingling and vertical spatial pattern, as well as species-specific height growth and canopy space partitioning; (4) ways to characterize tree-size distribution and growth partitioning among trees of different sizes; and (5) site productivity indices and methods for the comparison of productivity inmixed vs. monospecific stands. Finally we discuss some of the methodological and application challenges related to the reviewed indices and methods which require further attention