La producción de leche en la raza Ripollesa

La raza Ripollesa es una raza ovina autóctona de la zona pirenaica y pre-pirenaica oriental de Cataluña, es de tipo rústico y utilizada en la producción de carne. El consumo de carne a disminuido en los últimos años y con ello ha disminuido también el precio de la carne, no así en la leche que, aunque el número de censo ha disminuido han aumentado tanto los precios de venta como la producción, en una clara sustitución de las razas autóctonas por razas mucho más especializadas. También es obvia la clara ventaja económicamente hablando del sector lácteo sobre el cárnico, con unos márgenes netos superiores. En la producción de leche ovina no solamente es importante la cantidad de leche obtenida, sino que también lo es la calidad del producto para la obtención de productos transformados. Existen diversos factores, tanto intrínsecos como extrínsecos, que afectan sobre la calidad y la producción de la leche. Uno de los parámetros más destacables es la raza utilizada (que influye principalmente a nivel productivo). El estudio va dirigido a tipificar la producción de leche en la raza Ripollesa, así como observar la calidad media de la leche, para ello se ha analizado la producción de un total de 726 individuos y la calidad de 40 muestras de leche espaciados en el tiempo. El estudio ha concluido que las características productivas de la raza Ripollesa son: 95,6 días medios de lactación, 0,4 litros de producción media diaria, 40,2 litros de producción media total; siendo estos muy inferiores al de otras razas especializadas. A nivel composicional ha dado resultados competitivos dentro del sector. Los resultados obtenidos arrojan unas desviaciones típicas muy elevadas, lo cual suscita que el potencial de mejora de la raza Ripollesa es muy elevado

The non-canonical Wnt/PKC pathway regulates mitochondrial dynamics through degradation of the ARM-like domain-containing protein Alex3

The regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is vital in complex cell types, such as neurons, that transport and localize mitochondria in high energy-demanding cell domains. The Armcx3 gene encodes a mitochondrial-targeted protein (Alex3) that contains several arm-like domains. In a previous study we showed that Alex3 protein regulates mitochondrial aggregation and trafficking. Here we studied the contribution of Wnt proteins to the mitochondrial aggregation and dynamics regulated by Alex3. Overexpression of Alex3 in HEK293 cells caused a marked aggregation of mitochondria, which was attenuated by treatment with several Wnts. We also found that this decrease was caused by Alex3 degradation induced by Wnts. While the Wnt canonical pathway did not alter the pattern of mitochondrial aggregation induced by Alex3, we observed that the Wnt/PKC non-canonical pathway regulated both mitochondrial aggregation and Alex3 protein levels, thereby rendering a mitochondrial phenotype and distribution similar to control patterns. Our data suggest that the Wnt pathway regulates mitochondrial distribution and dynamics through Alex3 protein degradation

Stochastic volatility models

Treball de Fi de Grau en Economia. Curs 2020-2021Tutora: Elisa AlòsThe Black Scholes formula is one of the most used to determine what is the fair value of options. However, there are some assumptions such as that volatility is constant that are not met in the real market. Stochastic volatility models can be used as an extension of Black Scholes where volatility is a random process. The aim of this project is to use the SABR model which is a stochastic volatility model to attempt to capture the volatility smile. We study classical problems related to the SABR model such as simulation. Finally, we study its implementation by the financial industry and its main limitations

Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-10 Receptor-I Are Upregulated in Glial Cells After an Excitotoxic Injury to the Postnatal Rat Brain

International audienceInflammation is an important determinant of the severity and outcome of central nervous system injury. The endogenous anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) is upregulated in the injured adult central nervous system where it controls and terminates inflammatory processes. The developing brain, however, displays differences in susceptibility to insults and in associated inflammatory responses from the adult brain: the anatomic and temporal patterns of injury-induced IL-10 expression in the immature brain after excitotoxic injury are unknown. We analyzed the spaciotemporal gene and protein expression of IL-10 and its receptor (IL-10RI) in N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced excitotoxic injury in 9-day-old and control rats using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. and immunohistochemistry. Ill noninjected control brains. both molecules were expressed mainly in white matter on glial cells and blood vessels: IL-10 was also observed oil blood vessels in gray matter and in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive processes ill the hippocampus and near leptomeningeal and ventricle surfaces. In N-methyl-D-aspartate-injected brains, IL-10 gene and protein expression,were maximal at 72 hours post-injection: IL-10RI gene and protein expression peaked at 48 hours post-injection. Interleukin-10 and IL-10RI expression in injured areas was mainly found in reactive astrocytes and in microglia/macrophages. The expression patterns of IL-10 and IL-10R suggest possible developmental roles, and their upregulation after injury Suggest,,; that this expression may have anti-inflammatory effects in distinct anatomic sites in the immature brain

Thyroid hormone regulates reelin and dab1 expression during brain development

The reelin and dab1 genes are necessary for appropriate neuronal migration and lamination during brain development. Since these processes are controlled by thyroid hormone, we studied the effect of thyroid hormone deprivation and administration on the expression of reelin anddab1. As shown by Northern analysis, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry studies, hypothyroid rats expressed decreased levels of reelinRNA and protein during the perinatal period [embryonic day 18 (E18) and postnatal day 0 (P0)]. The effect was evident in Cajal-Retzius cells of cortex layer I, as well as in layers V/VI, hippocampus, and granular neurons of the cerebellum. At later ages, however, Reelin was more abundant in the cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and olfactory bulb of hypothyroid rats (P5), and no differences were detected at P15. Conversely, Dab1 levels were higher at P0, and lower at P5 in hypothyroid animals. In line with these results, reelin RNA and protein levels were higher in cultured hippocampal slices from P0 control rats compared to those from hypothyroid animals. Significantly, thyroid-dependent regulation of reelin anddab1 was confirmed in vivo and in vitro by hormone treatment of hypothyroid rats and organotypic cultures, respectively. In both cases, thyroid hormone led to an increase in reelin expression. Our data suggest that the effects of thyroid hormone on neuronal migration may be in part mediated through the control of reelin anddab1 expression during brain ontogenesis

Alternatively Spliced Focal Adhesion Kinase in Rat Brain with Increased Autophosphorylation Activity

International audiencepp125 focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase transducing signals initiated by integrin engagement and G protein-coupled receptors, is highly expressed in brain. FAK from brain had a higher molecular weight and an increased autophosphorylation activity, than from other tissues. In addition to a 9-base insertion in the 3'-coding region, which defines FAK+, rat striatal FAK mRNAs contained several additional short exons, coding for peptides of 28, 6, and 7 residues, respectively (termed boxes 28, 6, and 7), surrounding the autophosphorylated Tyr-397. In transfected COS 7 cells, the presence of boxes 6 and 7 conferred an increased overall tyrosine phosphorylation, a higher phosphorylation of Tyr-397 assessed with a phosphorylation state-specific antibody, and a more active autophosphorylation in immune precipitates. The presence of box 28 did not alter further these parameters. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide maps of hippocampal FAK were identical to those of FAK+6,7. The presence of the various exons did not alter the interaction of FAK with c-Src, n-Src, or Fyn. Thus, several splice isoforms of FAK are preferentially expressed in rat brain, some of which have an increased autophosphorylation activity, suggesting that FAK may have specific properties in neurons

Regulation of a Neuronal Form of Focal Adhesion Kinase by Anandamide

International audienceAnandamide is an endogenous ligand for central cannabinoid receptors and is released after neuronal depolarization. Anandamide increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation in rat hippocampal slices and neurons in culture. The action of anandamide resulted from the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. One of the proteins phosphorylated in response to anandamide was an isoform of pp125-focal adhesion kinase (FAK+) expressed preferentially in neurons. Focal adhesion kinase is a tyrosine kinase involved in the interactions between the integrins and actin-based cytoskeleton. Thus, anandamide may exert neurotrophic effects and play a role in synaptic plasticity