Paul, his apostleship, the collection, and the unity of Jews and gentiles

In this dissertation the author questions an assumed consensus in New Testament scholarship, ht the history of Pauline research Paul has always been treated as a systematic theologian. Thus e.g. the understanding of Paul's concept of the relationship between Jews and Gentiles has shaped views of scholars on Paul's under- standing of his apostleship and his collection of money for the Jerusalem church. And the views on his office as apostle and on his task of the collection influenced each other. Investigating these issues the author makes four observations, a) It is Paul’s basic conviction that the eschatological people of God is a unity of Jews and Gentiles with the Jews in the first place, b) This is the underlying concept of first Paul's apostleship: his role m God's plan of salvation is to proclaim among the Gentiles their final incorporation into the people of God, and, second, Paul's collection: it is a means of expressing unity between Paul's Gentile Christian churches and the mother church in Jerusalem. Thus, it is a sign of the Gentile Christians' recognition of the prime importance of the Jews and, at the same time, of Jerusalem's recognition of the incorporation of the Gentiles into the people of God. c) However, Paul does not elaborate this basic conviction when talking about his apostleship or his collection of money d) Paul does not bring his role as an apostle into specific connection with his role as a collector of money. Thus, the author concludes that in order to establish the points Paul wishes to make he argues not on the basis of one theological system, but on the basis of several considerations and reasons. Paul, therefore, is no perfect systematic thinker, but rather a pragmatic churchman

Interoperable ADS-B Confidentiality

The worldwide air traffic infrastructure is in the late stages of transition from legacy transponder systems to Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) based systems. ADS-B relies on position information from GNSS and requires aircraft to transmit their identification, state, and position. ADS-B promises the availability of high-fidelity air traffic information; however, position and identification data are not secured via authentication or encryption. This lack of security for ADS-B allows non-participants to observe and collect data on both government and private flight activity. This is a proposal for a lightweight, interoperable ADS-B confidentiality protocol which uses existing format preserving encryption and an innovative unidirectional key handoff to ensure backward compatibility. Anonymity and data confidentiality are achieved selectively on a per-session basis. This research also investigates the effect of false replies unsynchronized in time (FRUIT) on the packet error ratio (PER) for Mode S transmissions. High PERs result in range and time limits being imposed on the key handoff mechanism of this proposal. Overall, this confidentiality protocol is ready for implementation, however further research is required to validate a revised key handoff mechanism

Validation of handheld meters to measure blood l-lactate concentration in dairy cows and calves

In cattle, blood lactate was measured in various conditions such as parturition and dystocia. To our knowledge, to date, no handheld device has been validated for the use in cows and only one handheld device was validated for the use in calves. When determining plasma lactate concentrations blood samples have to be processed carefully. Sodium fluoride was recommended to inhibit glycolysis and to stabilize plasma lactate concentrations during transport. However, its effect on measurements conducted with electrochemical meters has not been studied. The objectives of 3 experiments were to study factors influencing measures of L-lactate in dairy cows (e.g., different anticoagulants, different methods) and to validate a handheld device (Lactate Scout, SensLab GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) to determine L-lactate concentration in dairy cows and calves. In a first approach, blood samples from 49 cows were analyzed by 2 different laboratories. Measures of L-lactate concentration were correlated between the different laboratories in both lithium heparin plasma (r=0.98) and sodium fluoride plasma (r=0.99). In a second approach, these samples were analyzed using 3 methods [Lactate Scout, Biosen C_line (EKF Diagnostics GmbH, Barleben, Germany), and commercial laboratory]. Concentrations of L-lactate measured in lithium heparin did not differ when analyzed with the Lactate Scout (0.99±0.35 mmol/L), the Biosen C_line (0.81±0.26 mmol/L), or the laboratory (1.0±0.36 mmol/L). Concentrations of L-lactate measured in sodium fluoride, however, were higher when analyzed with the Lactate Scout (1.85±0.66 mmol/L) compared with those measured with the Biosen C_line (0.92±0.37 mmol/L) and by the commercial laboratory (0.72±0.45 mmol/L). In the second and third experiments, blood samples from 173 cows and 106 calves were analyzed using the 3 methods (Lactate Scout, Biosen C_line, and commercial laboratory). L-Lactate concentrations measured with the 3 methods were correlated (cows: Lactate Scout vs. Biosen C_line: r=0.97, Lactate Scout vs. laboratory 1: r=0.98, Biosen C_line vs. laboratory 1: r=0.99; calves: Lactate Scout vs. Biosen C_line: r=0.97, Lactate Scout vs. laboratory 1: r=0.98, Biosen C_line vs. laboratory 1: r=0.99). In conclusion, Lactate Scout and Biosen C_line measure blood L-lactate concentrations reliably compared with a commercial laboratory as the reference method in dairy cows and calves. However, attention needs to be paid to the choice of anticoagulant used in sample collection

The effect of cutting conditions on the friction angle

The area of this study is limited to 2-dimensional or orthogonal cutting, rather than the usual 3-dimensional cutting. 2-dimensional model forms a clearer picture of the cutting situation

Chemistry in your KITchen: At home chemistry practicals for first year health science students

COVID-19 has permanently changed teaching and learning in higher education. There is an increased need for flexibility in learning activities for students. One innovation that provides flexibility for students is the use of take-home laboratory practicals. Take-home practicals provide a remote learning opportunity in a space where hands-on learning may not normally be possible. There are several examples of one-off take-home practicals (Andrews et al., 2020; Caruana et al., 2020; Orzolek & Kozlowski, 2021; Parel et al., 2021; Santiago et al., 2022) as well as semester-long integration of take-home practicals (Funnell et al., 2022; Burns et al., 2021). Our intervention is one of the first reported large-scale, semester-long trials of take-home practicals aligned with the curriculum. In semester 1 2022, we designed and delivered co-curricular take-home kits for 170 first-year chemistry students. Each kit included everything needed to conduct five experiments, adapted from the five assessed experiments conducted face-to-face in the unit. The kits were supplemented with self-led practical instructions and optional synchronous zoom sessions with support staff to conduct the experiments together. In this presentation, we will discuss student engagement and learning outcomes from this large-scale pilot as well as recommendations for future co-curricular kit development.  REFERENCES Andrews, J. L., de Los Rios, J. P., Rayaluru, M., Lee, S., Mai, L., Schusser, A., & Mak, C. H. (2020). Experimenting with At-Home General Chemistry Laboratories During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(7), 1887–1894. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00483   Burns, A., Andronicos, N., Henderson, S., & Labeur, L. (2021). Student response to a multi-topic kitchen practical experience in undergraduate core biology [conference presentation]. Proceedings of the Australian Conference on Science and Mathematics Education 2021, Australia. Caruana, D. J., Salzmann, C. G., & Sella, A. (2020). Practical science at home in a pandemic world. Nature Chemistry, 12(9), 780–783. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-020-0543-z   Funnell, A., Fullwood, J., Lazari, P., & Williams, G. (2022). One kit to rule them all: Designing take home lab kits at programme level. 2022 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 1490–1495. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON52537.2022.9766600   Orzolek, B. J., & Kozlowski, M. C. (2021). Separation of Food Colorings via Liquid–Liquid Extraction: An At-Home Organic Chemistry Lab. Journal of Chemical Education, 98(3), 951–957. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c01286   Parel, P., Burnett, L., Geoffroy, M., Parel, J., & Hao, L. (2021). Determining the Acetic Acid Concentration in White Vinegar: An At-Home Undergraduate Chemistry Experiment During the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-hxb4r   Santiago, D. E., Pulido Melián, E., & Vaswani Reboso, J. (2022). Lab at home in distance learning: A case study. Education for Chemical Engineers, 40, 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2022.05.00

Comparison of ambient temperature, relative humidity, and temperature-humidity index between on-farm measurements and official meteorological data

The objectives of the study were to compare the climate conditions of 7 dairy farms with the climate recorded at the closest official meteorological station. Specifically, we set out to compare the ambient temperature, relative humidity, and the resulting temperature-humidity index (THI) from 7 different barns with those data obtained from the closest official meteorological stations and to compare the climate conditions between 4 different locations within 1 barn. Measures of correlation and agreement demonstrated that climate conditions differ significantly between the barn and the corresponding official meteorological stations as well as between 4 different locations inside 1 barn. The ambient temperature was higher (6.4 ± 3.6°C) in the barn than at the official meteorological station. The relative humidity was higher at the official meteorological station (0.2 ± 7.2%) than in the barn. The THI was higher (11.1 ± 6.5) in the barn than at the official meteorological station. Days with an average THI ≥ 72 were 64 and 4 out of 756 experimental d in the barn and at the official meteorological station, respectively. Also, in a comparison of 7 different barns, ambient temperature and THI were significantly higher than at the closest corresponding official meteorological station. These results indicate that climate conditions should be obtained from on-farm measurements to evaluate potential heat stress and to develop effective measures to abate heat stress of dairy cows

Evaluation of data loggers for measuring lying behavior in dairy calves

Lying behavior might indicate how the animal interacts with its environment and is an important indicator of cow and calf comfort. Measuring behavior can be time consuming; therefore, behavioral recording with the help of loggers has become common. Recently, the Hobo Pendant G data logger (Onset Computer Corp., Bourne, MA) was validated for measuring lying behavior in cows but no work to date has validated this logger for measuring lying behavior in calves. The objective of this study was to test the accuracy of the Hobo Pendant G data logger for measuring total lying time and frequency of lying bouts in dairy calves. In 2 experiments (experiment 1: thirty-seven 2-h observation periods; experiment 2: nineteen 24-h observation periods), we tested the effect of 2 different recording intervals, the effect of attachment to different legs, and the effect of removing short, potentially erroneous readings. We found an excellent relationship when comparing the 30-s and 60-s recording intervals. For total lying time and bout frequency, the highest correlation was found when the logger was attached to the hind legs and recording was conducted with a 60-s sampling interval. In experiment 2, average total lying time was 1,077 ± 54 min/24 h (18.0 ± 0.9h/24h), with an average frequency of 19.4 ± 4.5 bouts per day. Predictability, sensitivity, and specificity for experiment 2 were >97% using the 60-s recording interval and removing single readings of lying or standing from the data set compared with direct observation as reference. The data logger accurately measured total lying time and bout frequency when the sampling interval was ≤ 60 s and short readings of lying and standing up to 1 min were converted into the preceding behavior. The best results were achieved by attaching the logger to the right hind leg