Pengusaha Transpor : Studi Tentang Pola-Pola Hubungan Hukum Antara Pengirim dengan PT. Bhanda Ghara Reksa

Today almost everyone uses their means of transportation for traveling. basically the use of means of transportation is one type of transportation activities. In a large dictionary Indonesian transport means to lift or carry or transmit. The function of transporting is to move freight or passengers from one place to another with the intent to increase the usability and value. Transportation is not only meant only for the carriage to humans, but also the goods, because in today's human needs is increasing, so the necessary means of transportation that can support the mobility of goods in order to arrive at a destination. In shipping goods not everyone can do it independently, as some people have different condition and limitation, such as the limitations of distance, time, or cost, a problem for some people. which became the object of research is how the patterns of the legal relationship between the sender and PT. Bhanda Ghara Reksa, and how the responsibility of PT. Bhanda Ghara Reksa if the delivery is not running smoothly. This research method is done with the normative doctrinal approach is descriptive analytical. The data used in primary and secondary data consisting of primary legal materials and secondary law. Library collection through literature. Data was collected by literature study and interviews. Data processing is done by means of an inventory of data and analytically identified doctrinal

Control of Organic Impurities in Semisynthetic Antibiotics

In 2012, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a guideline, which divided all antibiotics into groups according to the manufacturing process and established acceptance criteria for organic impurities for each of the groups.The aim of the study was to justify the requirements and methodological approaches to setting the limits for organic impurities in semisynthetic antibiotics.Materials and methods: the authors analysed the requirements established by the leading world pharmacopoeias and the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation regarding the control of organic impurities in semisynthetic antibiotics, using the example of four semisynthetic antibiotics: doxycyline hyclate, clarithromycin, meropenem, and ceftriaxone. The study used the methods of comparative analysis and content analysis. Results: the study demonstrated that the organic impurity profiles of the analysed active substances and the corresponding finished medicinal products often differ significantly across the leading pharmacopoeias, either qualitatively or quantitatively. The Russian, European, and United States pharmacopoeias provide for the use of impurity reference standards in the test procedures for the determination of impurities in active substances of the semisynthetic antibiotics in question, whereas the Japanese Pharmacopoeia allows the use of non-compendial reference substances in the assessment of the chromatographic system separation power.Conclusions: the ability of a pharmacopoeial text to cover a variety of medicinal products coming to the Russian market from different countries has become a vital issue. This includes covering the impurity determination procedures, reference standards, and limits used, because general-purpose methods and limits do not always allow for correct assessment of impurity profiles in substances produced by different manufacturing processes. The current USP practice is to include various impurity control procedures in monographs on medicinal products, and the limits may also vary. This approach may be applied in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation as well

Barriers to participation in a worksite wellness program

The purpose of this research was to determine barriers that prevent participation in an employee wellness program, Wellness Wednesdays: "Eat & Meet" About Healthy Living, conducted at East Carolina University (ECU) in Greenville, North Carolina. All ECU ARAMARK employees (n = 481) over the age of 18 were eligible to participate in the wellness program. Weekly 30 minute classes, taught by a Registered Dietitian, on various nutrition- and health-related topics were conducted for 10-weeks. Five question knowledge quizzes were administered to participants at the end of each class to determine the comprehension of material presented. Qualitative interviews (n = 19) were conducted with employees (participants and non-participants) and the program organizer after the completion of the 10-week program to identify barriers to program participation. A total of 50 (10.4% of the total number of potential participants) ECU ARAMARK employees, managers, and leadership team directors attended Wellness Wednesdays at least once during the 10-week program. Employees, on average, scored 71-100% on the weekly knowledge quizzes administered at the end of each class. The most common barriers to participation reported included (most often to least often reported): insufficient incentives, inconvenient locations, time limitations, not interested in topics presented, undefined reasons, schedule, marketing, health beliefs, and not interested in the program. Results showed that employee wellness programs can be effective in increasing knowledge of employees on nutrition- and health-related topics. However, program planning that addresses identified barriers including insufficient incentives, inconvenient locations, and time limitations may facilitate higher participation in future worksite wellness opportunities

Контроль органических примесей в полусинтетических антибиотиках

In 2012, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a guideline, which divided all antibiotics into groups according to the manufacturing process and established acceptance criteria for organic impurities for each of the groups.The aim of the study was to justify the requirements and methodological approaches to setting the limits for organic impurities in semisynthetic antibiotics.Materials and methods: the authors analysed the requirements established by the leading world pharmacopoeias and the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation regarding the control of organic impurities in semisynthetic antibiotics, using the example of four semisynthetic antibiotics: doxycyline hyclate, clarithromycin, meropenem, and ceftriaxone. The study used the methods of comparative analysis and content analysis. Results: the study demonstrated that the organic impurity profiles of the analysed active substances and the corresponding finished medicinal products often differ significantly across the leading pharmacopoeias, either qualitatively or quantitatively. The Russian, European, and United States pharmacopoeias provide for the use of impurity reference standards in the test procedures for the determination of impurities in active substances of the semisynthetic antibiotics in question, whereas the Japanese Pharmacopoeia allows the use of non-compendial reference substances in the assessment of the chromatographic system separation power.Conclusions: the ability of a pharmacopoeial text to cover a variety of medicinal products coming to the Russian market from different countries has become a vital issue. This includes covering the impurity determination procedures, reference standards, and limits used, because general-purpose methods and limits do not always allow for correct assessment of impurity profiles in substances produced by different manufacturing processes. The current USP practice is to include various impurity control procedures in monographs on medicinal products, and the limits may also vary. This approach may be applied in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation as well.В 2012 г. Европейским агентством по лекарственным средствам (European Medicines Agency, ЕМА) утверждено руководство, согласно которому все антибиотики разделены на группы в соответствии с технологией их получения. Для каждой группы установлены критерии приемлемости содержания органических примесей.Цель работы: обосновать требования и методические подходы к контролю органических примесей в лекарственных средствах полусинтетических антибиотиков.Материалы и методы: проведен анализ требований отечественной и ведущих зарубежных фармакопей к допустимому содержанию органических примесей в полусинтетических антибиотиках на примере четырех из них: доксициклина хиклат, кларитромицин, меропенем и цефтриаксон. В работе использовали методы сравнительного информационно-аналитического исследования и контент-анализа.Результаты: показано, что профиль органических примесей в монографиях ведущих зарубежных фармакопей на одноименную фармацевтическую субстанцию, а также лекарственный препарат, для каждого из исследуемых лекарственных средств, как правило, различается либо качественно, либо количественно. В методиках определения примесей для фармацевтических субстанций рассматриваемых полусинтетических антибиотиков согласно Государственной фармакопее Российской Федерации (ГФ РФ), Европейской фармакопее и Фармакопее США предусмотрено применение стандартных образцов примесей, тогда как Японская фармакопея для оценки разделительной способности хроматографической системы допускает использование веществ, которые не являются фармакопейными стандартными образцами.Выводы: актуальным вопросом становится способность фармакопейного стандарта учитывать многообразие лекарственных средств, поступающих на российский рынок из разных стран. Это касается используемых методик определения примесей, применения стандартных образцов, норм, поскольку единая методика и нормы не всегда позволяют корректно оценивать профиль примесей в субстанциях, полученных различным способом. Фармакопея США в настоящее время практикует включение в монографии на лекарственные средства различных методик для контроля примесей, при этом могут различаться также и нормы. Такой подход может быть применен и в ГФ РФ

Human parvovirus B19 infection and hydrops fetalis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded lung and liver tissue from 23 cases of non immune hydrops fetalis and five control cases, in which hydrops were due to syphilis (3) and genetic causes (2), were examined for the presence of human parvovirus B19 by DNA hybridisation. Using in situ hybridisation with a biotynilated probe one positive case was detected. Using 32P-labelled probes in a dot blot assay format, five further positives were obtained. These were all confirmed as positive by a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Electron microscopy revealed virus in all these five positive cases. The six B19 DNA positive cases of hydrops fetalis were from 1974, 1980, 1982, 1987 and 1988, four of which occurred during the second half of the year, confirming the seasonality of the disease

Satire

Satire is a genre of the visual, literary, and performing arts, usually in the form of fiction and less frequently non-fiction, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, often with the intent of exposing or shaming the perceived flaws of individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement