Notas sobre a virada crítica de Kant (1769-70)

O problema de determinar os fatores que motivaram a virada crítica de Kant de 1769-70 é histórico. Acerca dele, pelo menos dez teses já foram defendidas, designando como tais: as antinomias, as antinomias conjuntamente com epistolário Leibniz-Clarke ou Hume ou Platão, o conflito entre os fundamentos do conhecimento, o comércio psicofísico e as contrapartes incongruentes, a fundamentação da matemática, o espinosismo, ou autores isolados como Hume ou Leibniz. O objetivo do presente artigo é expor cada uma dessas teses

A Primeira Tentativa de Kant na Resolução do Problema do Comércio Psicofísico (1747)

The paper aims to sketch Kant’s response to the mind-body problem in his first work, Thoughts on the true estimation of living forces (1747). This is accomplished by first examining the origins of the problem in Descartes, then exploring the traditional responses to the problem, occasionalism, pre-established harmony, and physical influx. Finally, the paper positions Kant as a proponent of physical influx and highlights the unique features and challenges of his perspective.O artigo pretende expor a resposta de Kant ao problema do comércio psicofísico em seu primeiro trabalho, Pensamentos sobre a verdadeira estimação das forças vivas (1747). Para isso, aborda-se primeiro o surgimento do problema em Descartes, depois as respostas canônicas que lhe foram oferecidas, nomeadamente, o ocasionalismo, a harmonia pré-estabelecida e o influxo físico, e, por fim, localiza-se Kant como defensor desta última, mostrando as peculiaridades e problemas de sua resposta

Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes

BACKGROUND: Statin therapy reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and the risk of cardiovascular events, but whether the addition of ezetimibe, a nonstatin drug that reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption, can reduce the rate of cardiovascular events further is not known. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomized trial involving 18,144 patients who had been hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome within the preceding 10 days and had LDL cholesterol levels of 50 to 100 mg per deciliter (1.3 to 2.6 mmol per liter) if they were receiving lipid-lowering therapy or 50 to 125 mg per deciliter (1.3 to 3.2 mmol per liter) if they were not receiving lipid-lowering therapy. The combination of simvastatin (40 mg) and ezetimibe (10 mg) (simvastatin-ezetimibe) was compared with simvastatin (40 mg) and placebo (simvastatin monotherapy). The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina requiring rehospitalization, coronary revascularization ( 6530 days after randomization), or nonfatal stroke. The median follow-up was 6 years. RESULTS: The median time-weighted average LDL cholesterol level during the study was 53.7 mg per deciliter (1.4 mmol per liter) in the simvastatin-ezetimibe group, as compared with 69.5 mg per deciliter (1.8 mmol per liter) in the simvastatin-monotherapy group (P<0.001). The Kaplan-Meier event rate for the primary end point at 7 years was 32.7% in the simvastatin-ezetimibe group, as compared with 34.7% in the simvastatin-monotherapy group (absolute risk difference, 2.0 percentage points; hazard ratio, 0.936; 95% confidence interval, 0.89 to 0.99; P = 0.016). Rates of pre-specified muscle, gallbladder, and hepatic adverse effects and cancer were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: When added to statin therapy, ezetimibe resulted in incremental lowering of LDL cholesterol levels and improved cardiovascular outcomes. Moreover, lowering LDL cholesterol to levels below previous targets provided additional benefit