Demographic characteristics, glycemic and periodontal parameters (mean ± SD) of the study population.

Demographic characteristics, glycemic and periodontal parameters (mean ± SD) of the study population.</p

The DEGs expressed in the non-diabetic patients (yellow), in patients with T2DM (blue) and the commonly expressed in both the non-diabetic and diabetic patients.

HH: non-diabetic patients without periodontitis; HP: non-diabetic patients with periodontitis; DH: T2DM patients without periodontitis; DP: T2DM patients with periodontitis. (JPEG)</p

The DEGs that are a part of the most critical canonical pathways in patients with T2DM and periodontitis compared with the patients with T2DM and without periodontitis.

The DEGs that are a part of the most critical canonical pathways in patients with T2DM and periodontitis compared with the patients with T2DM and without periodontitis.</p

The immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against CALCRL, IL1RN, IL6R, and ITGA4 in representative gingival biopsies from the HH, HP, DH, and DP groups.

Bar length = 50 μm, original magnification × 20. HH: non-diabetic patients without periodontitis; HP: non-diabetic patients with periodontitis; DH: T2DM patients without periodontitis; DP: T2DM patients with periodontitis.</p

Ingenuity canonical pathways related to DEGs expressed exclusively in non-diabetic patients and the respective genes that function within each of these signaling pathways.

Ingenuity canonical pathways related to DEGs expressed exclusively in non-diabetic patients and the respective genes that function within each of these signaling pathways.</p

The immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against PTPN2, PTPN13, DHCR24 (Seladin), and PIK3R2 in representative gingival biopsies from the HH, HP, DH, and DP groups.

Bar length = 50 μm, original magnification × 20. HH: non-diabetic patients without periodontitis; HP: non-diabetic patients with periodontitis; DH: T2DM patients without periodontitis; DP: T2DM patients with periodontitis.</p

DEGs in tissues with periodontitis in relation to healthy tissues observed in non-diabetic patients and in patients with T2DM concurrently.

DEGs in tissues with periodontitis in relation to healthy tissues observed in non-diabetic patients and in patients with T2DM concurrently.</p

DEGs in tissues with periodontitis in non-diabetics relative to healthy tissues in non-diabetics exclusively.

DEGs in tissues with periodontitis in non-diabetics relative to healthy tissues in non-diabetics exclusively.</p

IPA analysis of the canonical pathways related to the DEGs altered in tissues with periodontitis compared with tissues with periodontal health in patients with T2DM.

(A) The top ten dysregulated canonical signaling pathways are presented in descending order of statistical significance of −log(P-values). (B) The canonical pathways that were predicted to be modulated in the non-diabetic patients, as defined by a −log(P-value) >2 and Z-score >2 (activated) or <−2 (inhibited). (C) The number of upregulated and downregulated DEGs involved in each of the representative canonical pathways.</p

Top 15 downregulated and upregulated DEGs in periodontitis in relation to periodontal health in non-diabetic and in patients with T2DM exclusively.

Top 15 downregulated and upregulated DEGs in periodontitis in relation to periodontal health in non-diabetic and in patients with T2DM exclusively.</p