Verificação da promoção comercial de produtos que interferem na amamentação em estabelecimentos de Fortaleza, Ceará

Introduction: industrialization, urbanization, the external work of women, the reducing social importance of motherhood and the development of milk powder formulas were the primary responsibles for the decline of breastfeeding in the 20th century, with disastrous repercussions for the health of children and women. Objective: to evaluate the commercial promotion of products that interfere with breastfeeding, according to the Brazilian Standard for Marketing of Baby Food (NBCAL). Methods: evaluation of commercial promotion of products of interest contained in the 18 booklets of study was applied with “Checklist: commercial promotion of foods for infants and toddlers and nursery products”. Results: we found that 83.30% of the inserts were evaluated according to NBCAL, while 16.70% of the samples had non-conformities: there were photos of products - milk powder, where the warning statements required were not present. For infant cereals results were higher, there were 38% (seven samples) without the warning phrase. Conclusion: it is necessary to carry out further studies in Brazil for the supervision and monitoring of the standard.Introdução: a industrialização, a urbanização, o trabalho externo da mulher, a redução da importância social da maternidade e o desenvolvimento das fórmulas de leite em pó foram os principais responsáveis pela diminuição do aleitamento materno no século XX, com repercussões desastrosas na saúde das crianças e das mulheres. Objetivo: avaliar a promoção comercial dos produtos que interferem na amamentação, em conformidade com a Norma Brasileira para Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes (NBCAL). Metodologia: para avaliação da promoção comercial dos produtos de interesse contidos nos 18 encartes de estudo, foi aplicado o “Roteiro de verificação: promoção comercial de alimentos para lactentes e crianças de primeira infância e produtos de puericultura”. Resultados: observou-se que 83,30% dos encartes avaliados estavam de acordo com a nBCAL, enquanto 16,70 % das amostras demonstraram não estar em conformidade com a Norma: existiam fotos de produtos – leite em pó, por exemplo – em que não havia as frases de advertência exigidas. Para os cereais infantis, o resultado foi maior: foram 38% (sete amostras) do total sem a respectiva frase de advertência. Conclusão: torna-se necessária a realização de mais estudos, em todo o País, para a fiscalização e o acompanhamento da Norma

Ethanolic extract of Copaifera, Croton and Lippia on the control of phytopathogenic fungi

The search for vegetable extracts for phytosanitary control has been expanded to find new active ingredients to control plant diseases. This study aimed to evaluate thein vitroeffect of the fixed constituents of Copaifera luetzelburgii, Croton zehntneriandLippia lasiocalycina, at the concentrations of 2, 20, 200 and 2,000 μg mL-1, on the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition of Colletotrichum siamense, C. truncatum,Fusarium sacchari,F.udum,Lasiodiplodia theobromaeandThielaviopsis ethacetica, as well as the conidium concentration ofC. siamense,F. sacchariandF. udum produced in culture medium with all the extracts. The tested ethanolic extract, especially at the highest concentration, inhibited the percentage of mycelial growth and/or conidium concentration of the evaluated fungi. The other concentrations showed low inhibitory effects or no activity against the fungi. The average values for percentage of mycelial growth inhibition of the ethanolic extract fromL. lasiocalycina,C. zehntneriandC. luetzelburgiiagainst the six fungi were 62.5, 53.4 and 51.0 %, respectively. The ethanolic extract of L. lasiocalycinashowed the most significant effect on the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition and conidia concentration. The fixed constituents ofC.luetzelburgii,C. zehntneriandL.lasiocalycina at 2,000 μg mL-1 showed to be efficient in inhibiting the mycelial growth of C. siamense,C. truncatum,F. sacchari, F.udum, L. theobromaeandT. ethacetica, and inhibit the conidia production ofC. siamense,F. sacchariandF.udum

Aedes fluviatilis cell lines as new tools to study metabolic and immune interactions in mosquito‑Wolbachia symbiosis

In the present work, we established two novel embryonic cell lines from the mosquito Aedes fluviatilis containing or not the naturally occurring symbiont bacteria Wolbachia, which were called wAflu1 and Aflu2, respectively. We also obtained wAflu1 without Wolbachia after tetracycline treatment, named wAflu1.tet. Morphofunctional characterization was performed to help elucidate the symbiont-host interaction in the context of energy metabolism regulation and molecular mechanisms of the immune responses involved. The presence of Wolbachia pipientis improves energy performance in A. fluviatilis cells; it affects the regulation of key energy sources such as lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, making the distribution of actin more peripheral and with extensions that come into contact with neighboring cells. Additionally, innate immunity mechanisms were activated, showing that the wAflu1 and wAflu1.tet cells are responsive after the stimulus using Gram negative bacteria. Therefore, this work confirms the natural, mutually co-regulating symbiotic relationship between W. pipientis and A. fluviatilis, modulating the host metabolism and immune pathway activation. The results presented here add important resources to the current knowledge of Wolbachia-arthropod interactions

Ammoniated babassu palm hay in anglo-nubian goat diets Feno de pindoba de babaçu amonizado na dieta de caprinos anglo-nubianos

ABSTRACT Leaves of babassu may be used in diets for goats under maintenance, however, it is a low-quality roughage due to its high fiber content. The chemical treatment by ammonia causes reduction in the proportion of the cell wall, in addition to providing non-protein nitrogen for the microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Babassu palm hay ammoniated with 4% urea (BHA U4% ) was evaluated in this study as a substitute for guinea grass hay in the maintenance diets of goats in terms of intake, digestibility in vivo, and the partitioning of energy and nitrogen compounds. Twenty Anglo-Nubian male goats were used in a randomised block design with four treatments (diets containing 0, 33, 66, or 100% BHA U4% ) and five replicates (animals/block). The chemical compositions of the feeds, leftovers, faeces, nitrogen and crude energy of the urine were evaluated. In addition, the rumen fluid pH, the rumen N-NH 3 , and the blood serum urea were evaluated. The digestibility of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crud protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDFap) and detergent acid (ADFap), corrected for ash and protein, declined (P<0.05) 0.0939, 0.0722, 0.0953, 0.1113, and 0.2666%, respectively, with the 1% inclusion of babassu palm hay in the diet. A negative linear effect (P<0.05) was observed in the ingested nitrogen (N), excretion of N in the urine, retained N, and N balance, with decreases of 0.15711, 0.0225 and 0.1071 g/day and 0.1388%, respectively, per percentage unit of the babassu palm hay included in the diet. The intake and digestibility of the DM and nutrients are reduced with the inclusion of BHA U4% in maintenance diets for goats, with positive nitrogen balance and stability of the ruminal pH and N-NH3 as well as blood urea, which presented values within the normal physiological range for goats. Index terms: Digestibility in vivo; guinea grass; native forage; nitrogen balance; Orbignya phalerata Mart. RESUMO Folhas de babaçu podem ser utilizadas em dietas para cabras em manutenção, no entanto, é um volumoso de baixa qualidade devido ao seu elevado teor de fibra. O tratamento químico por amônia provoca redução na proporção de parede celular, além de fornecer nitrogênio não-proteico para a síntese de proteína microbiana no rúmen. Avaliou-se a inclusão do feno de pindoba de babaçu amonizado com 4% de ureia em substituição ao feno de capim-colonião em dietas para caprinos em mantença, quanto ao consumo, digestibilidade in vivo e balanço energético e de compostos nitrogenados. Foram utilizados 20 caprinos machos da raça Anglonubiana, em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com 4 tratamentos (dietas com 0, 33, 66 e 100% de feno de pindoba amonizado com 4% de ureia) e cinco repetições (animais/ blocos). Avaliou-se a composição química dos ingredientes, sobras e fezes e o N e a energia da urina. Avaliou o pH e N-NH 3 amoniacal do líquido ruminal e a ureia do sangue. A digestibilidade da MS, MO, PB, FDNcp e FDAcp reduziu (P<0,05) 0,0939; 0,0722; 0,0953; 0,1113; 0,2666%, respectivamente, a cada 1% de inclusão do feno de pindoba na dieta. O feno de pindoba de babaçu reduziu (P<0,05) o N ingerido, excretado na urina, o N retido e o balanço de nitrogênio, em 0,15711; 0,0225 and 0,1071 g/day and 0,1388%, respectivamente, a cada 1% de 1% de inclusão do feno de pindoba na dieta. O consumo e a digestibilidade da MS e nutrientes são reduzidos com a inclusão do feno de pindoba de babaçu amonizado com 4% de ureia para caprinos em manutenção, com balanço de nitrogênio positivo e estabilidade do pH e N-NH3 do líquido ruminal e ureia do sangue, apresentando valores dentro da faixa fisiológica normal para caprinos. Termos para indexação: Digestibilidade in vivo; capim colonião; forrageira nativa; balanço de nitrogênio; Orbignya phalerata Mart

Ammoniated babassu palm hay in anglo-nubian goat diets

ABSTRACT Leaves of babassu may be used in diets for goats under maintenance, however, it is a low-quality roughage due to its high fiber content. The chemical treatment by ammonia causes reduction in the proportion of the cell wall, in addition to providing non-protein nitrogen for the microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Babassu palm hay ammoniated with 4% urea (BHAU4%) was evaluated in this study as a substitute for guinea grass hay in the maintenance diets of goats in terms of intake, digestibility in vivo, and the partitioning of energy and nitrogen compounds. Twenty Anglo-Nubian male goats were used in a randomised block design with four treatments (diets containing 0, 33, 66, or 100% BHAU4%) and five replicates (animals/block). The chemical compositions of the feeds, leftovers, faeces, nitrogen and crude energy of the urine were evaluated. In addition, the rumen fluid pH, the rumen N-NH3, and the blood serum urea were evaluated. The digestibility of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crud protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDFap) and detergent acid (ADFap), corrected for ash and protein, declined (P<0.05) 0.0939, 0.0722, 0.0953, 0.1113, and 0.2666%, respectively, with the 1% inclusion of babassu palm hay in the diet. A negative linear effect (P<0.05) was observed in the ingested nitrogen (N), excretion of N in the urine, retained N, and N balance, with decreases of 0.15711, 0.0225 and 0.1071 g/day and 0.1388%, respectively, per percentage unit of the babassu palm hay included in the diet. The intake and digestibility of the DM and nutrients are reduced with the inclusion of BHAU4% in maintenance diets for goats, with positive nitrogen balance and stability of the ruminal pH and N-NH3 as well as blood urea, which presented values within the normal physiological range for goats

Perspectives on the Therapeutic Effects of Pelvic Floor Electrical Stimulation: A Systematic Review

Pelvic, perineal, and nervous lesions, which derive principally from pregnancy and childbirth, may lead to pelvic floor dysfunctions, such as organ prolapses and lesions in the nerves and muscles due to muscle expansion and physiology. It is estimated that 70% of women affected by this clinical picture have symptoms that do not respond to the classical treatments with antimuscarinic and anticholinergic drugs. Therefore, resorting to efficient alternatives and less invasive methods is necessary to assist this public health problem that predominantly affects the female population, which is more susceptible to the risk factors. This study aimed to perform an updated and comprehensive literature review focused on the effects of pelvic floor electrical stimulation, considering new perspectives such as a correlation between electric current and site of intervention and other molecular aspects, different from the present reviews that predominantly evaluate urodynamic aspects. For that purpose, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were used to perform the search, and the Methodi ordinatio method was applied. With well-researched therapeutic effects, electrical stimulation induced promising results in histological, nervous, and molecular evaluations and spinal processes, which showed beneficial results and revealed new perspectives on ways to evoke responses in the lower urinary tract in a non-invasive way. Thus, it is possible to conclude that this type of intervention may be a non-invasive alternative to treat pelvic and perineal dysfunctions

Immunomodulatory and toxicological evaluation of the fruit seeds from Platonia insignis, a native species from Brazilian Amazon Rainforest

The “bacuri” (Platonia insignis Mart., Clusiaceae) is a native tropical fruit from the Brazilian Amazon and Northeast Regions. Its seeds are used to treat inflammatory diseases, diarrhea and skin problems in traditional medical practices. Regarding its widespread medicinal uses, it is important to evaluate the biological and toxicological potential of this species. This way, the aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of the hexanic extract of P. insignis seeds, as well as its in vivo acute oral toxicity. The biological evaluation was performed by the determination of cytotoxic (MTT and hemolysis assay) and immunomodulatory (phagocytic capacity, lysosomal volume and nitrite production) activities of EHSB in murine peritoneal macrophages. In addition, the oral acute toxicity was evaluated using female Wistar rats treated with EHSB (2.0 g/kg), in accordance with the OECD 423 Guideline. The EHSB showed low toxicity for macrophages in the MTT test (CC50 value: 90.03 μg/ml), as well as for erythrocytes, which caused only 2.5% hemolysis at the highest concentration. A strong immunomodulatory activity was observed by a markedly increase of the NO production, phagocytic ability and lysosomal volume. On the other hand, it was not observed deaths or changes in the clinical and behavioral parameters in the toxicological evaluation. This manner, the present study contributes to the knowledge about the immunomodulatory and toxicological properties of the P. insignis. This may provide perspectives for the evaluation and development of effective and safe phytomedicines created from the Brazilian local biodiversity. Keywords: Platonia insignis, Clusiaceae, Cytotoxic, Nitric oxide, Immunomodulatory, Toxicologica