Fungicides and the grapevine wood mycobiome: a case study on Tracheomycotic Ascomycete Phaemoniella chlamydospora reveals potential for two novel control strategies

Original ResearchPhaeomoniella chlamydospora is a tracheomycotic fungus that colonizes the xylem of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.), causing wood discoloration, brown wood streaking, gummosis, and wood necrosis, which negatively affect the overall health, productivity, and life span of vines. Current control strategies to prevent or cope with P. chlamydospora infections are frequently ineffective. Moreover, it is unclear how fungicides commonly applied in vineyards against downy and powdery mildew agents affect the wood mycobiome, including wood pathogens such as P. chlamydospora. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to assess the effects of foliar spray of grapevines with inorganic (copper oxychloride and sulfur), synthetic (penconazole and fosetyl-aluminum), and natural (Blad) fungicides currently used against the downy and powdery mildews. The subjects of our investigation were (i) the resident wood mycobiome, (ii) the early colonization by a consortium of fungal wood endophytes (ACEA1), (iii) the wood colonization success of P. chlamydospora, and (iv) the in planta interaction between P. chlamydospora and ACEA1, under greenhouse conditions, in rooted grapevine cuttings of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. The data obtained suggest that the resident mycobiome is affected by different fungicide treatments. In addition, the early colonization success of the endophytes composing ACEA1 varied in response to fungicides, with relative abundances of some taxa being overrepresented or underrepresented when compared with the control. The wood colonization by P. chlamydospora comported significant changes in the mycobiome composition, and in addition, it was greatly affected by the foliar spray with Blad, which decreased the relative abundance of this pathogen 12-fold (4.9%) when compared with the control (60.7%) and other treatments. The presence of the pathogen also decreased considerably when co-inoculated into the plant with ACEA1, reaching relative abundances between 13.9% and 2.0%, depending on the fungicide treatment applied. This study shows that fungicides sprayed to prevent infections of powdery and downy mildews have an control strategies to fight P. chlamydospora, namely, the foliar spray with Blad and the use of ACEA1. Further studies to confirm these results are requiredinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

LE CORBUSIER’S APARTMENT-STUDIO : 3D MODEL DATA OF PRELIMINARY RESEARCH FOR THE RESTORATION

Fondation Le Corbusier and A-BIME have collaborated to collect, analyse and organize preliminary research data for the restoration of the Le Corbusier’s apartment-studio in Paris using a methodology based in a 3D model. This work, developed by A-BIME since 2014, has been financed by Fondation Le Corbusier thanks to a “Keeping it modern Grant”, giving by the Getty Foundation. The aim is to have faster and easier access to various data of the building by using a clear and documented digital graphic document.For each step, the archives provided by the architect and the companies have been studied to understand and know the nature and quality of materials, technical arrangements and their on-site implementation. A study on technical installations and isolation as be provided as well by investigation in the apartment. By switching between the documents and the images, the know-how increases along with the development of the 3D model; the architectural elements have been drawn and modelled from the archive data and from the survey and diagnostic phase.The numerical construction, based on precast elements, follows the pioneering efforts of specialized architects with the BIM (Building Information Model) technology. Thanks to the .IFC format the model has been imported in several software in order to proceed structural and hydrothermal simulations. The results have been used has guidelines by the Fondation Le Corbusier to forecast the consequences of restoration choices.</p

Cultivar Susceptibility to Natural Infections Caused by Fungal Grapevine Trunk Pathogens in La Mancha Designation of Origin (Spain)

[EN] Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are one of the main biotic stress factors affecting this crop. The use of tolerant grapevine cultivars would be an interesting and sustainable alternative strategy to control GTDs. To date, most studies about cultivar susceptibility have been conducted under controlled conditions, and little information is available about tolerance to natural infections caused by GTD fungi. The objectives of this study were: (i) to identify tolerant cultivars to GTD fungi within a Spanish germplasm collection, based on external symptoms observed in the vineyard; and (ii) to characterize the pathogenic mycoflora associated with symptomatic vines. For this purpose, a grapevine germplasm collection including 22 white and 25 red cultivars was monitored along three growing seasons, and their susceptibility for esca foliar symptoms was assessed. Fungi were identified by using morphological and molecular methods. Cultivars such as, 'Monastrell', 'Graciano', 'Cabernet Franc', 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 'Syrah', 'Moscatel de Alejandria', 'Sauvignon Blanc', and 'Airen' displayed high susceptibility to GTDs, whereas others such as 'Petit Verdot', 'Pinot Noir', 'Chardonnay', and 'Riesling' were considered as tolerant. The prevalent fungal species isolated from symptomatic vines were Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (27.9% of the fungal isolates), Cryptovalsa ampelina (24.6%), and Dothiorella sarmentorum (21.3%).This research was founded by FEDER funding through a State Program of I+D+i oriented to the Challenges of Society (RTA2015-00015-C02-00), supported by The National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA). D.G. and J.M. were supported by the Ramon y Cajal program, Spanish Government (RyC-2017-23098 and RyC-028404).Chacón-Vozmediano, JL.; Gramaje, D.; León Santana, M.; Armengol Fortí, J.; Moral, J.; Izquierdo-Cañas, PM.; Martínez-Gascueña, J. (2021). Cultivar Susceptibility to Natural Infections Caused by Fungal Grapevine Trunk Pathogens in La Mancha Designation of Origin (Spain). Plants. 10(6):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061171S11410

Influence of curettage on Esca-diseased Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc plants on the quality of musts and wines

Aim: A study on Sauvignon blanc (SB) cultivar in France showed that curettage had an effect on the resilience of GTD grapevines. No experiments, however, have been conducted on its effects on wine quality, particularly on white Sauvignon blanc cultivar wines. Methods and results: Grapevines from Sauvignon blanc cultivar that had expressed Esca-foliar symptoms were used for the study, with some of them having been curetted in 2014. Subsequently, bunches from Control (asymptomatic), Curetted and Esca-symptomatic vines were harvested in 2017 and 2018 in order to produce white wine. Technical and chemical results on both must and wine showed that wines from curetted plants were similar to those from asymptomatic vines. There were differences, however, for Esca-diseased vines, where the alcoholic fermentation of musts was faster than for the other modalities. Olfactometry results showed that, for the one-year-old 2017 vintage wines, no differences were detected, although they were for the 2018 vintage. Conclusion: The results of the chemical analyses and wine tasting showed that the wines from curetted and asymptomatic grapevines were similar, and that their quality was the same. Significance of the study: The quality of wines from curetted vines compared to asymptomatic ones was confirmed and validated through chemical and sensory analyses of the must and the one-year-old wines

Characterization of the wood mycobiome of Vitis vinifera in a vineyard affected by Esca. Spatial distribution of fungal communities and their putative relation with leaf symptoms

Original ResearchEsca is a disease complex belonging to the grapevine trunk diseases cluster. It comprises five syndromes, three main fungal pathogenic agents and several symptoms, both internal (i.e., affecting woody tissue) and external (e.g., affecting leaves and bunches). The etiology and epidemiology of this disease complex remain, in part, unclear. Some of the points that are still under discussion concern the sudden rise in disease incidence, the simultaneous presence of multiple wood pathogens in affected grapevines, the causal agents and the discontinuity in time of leaf symptoms manifestation. The standard approach to the study of esca has been mostly through culture-dependent studies, yet, leaving many questions unanswered. In this study, we used Illumina R next-generation amplicon sequencing to investigate the mycobiome of grapevines wood in a vineyard with history of esca. We characterized the wood mycobiome composition, investigated the spatial dynamics of the fungal communities in different areas of the stem and in canes, and assessed the putative link between mycobiome and leaf symptoms. An unprecedented diversity of fungi is presented (289 taxa), including five genera reported for the first time in association with grapevines wood (Debaryomyces, Trematosphaeria, Biatriospora, Lopadostoma, and Malassezia) and numerous hitherto unreported species. Esca-associated fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Fomitiporia sp. dominate the fungal community, and numerous other fungi associated with wood syndromes are also encountered (e.g., Eutypa spp., Inonotus hispidus). The spatial analysis revealed differences in diversity, evenness and taxa abundances, the unique presence of certain fungi in specific areas of the plants, and tissue specificity. Lastly, the mycobiome composition of the woody tissue in proximity to leaves manifesting ‘tiger stripes’ symptoms of esca, as well as in leaf-symptomatic canes, was highly similar to that of plants not exhibiting any leaf symptomatology. This observation supports the current understanding that leaf symptoms are not directly linked with the fungal communities in the wood. This work builds to the understanding of the microbial ecology of the grapevines wood, offering insights and a critical view on the current knowledge of the etiology of escainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Overview of grapevine trunk diseases in France in the 2000s

The National Grapevine Trunk Disease Survey was conducted in France from 2003 to 2008 to monitor grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), eutypa dieback and esca/black dead arm (BDA). Data collected from seven regions, 329 vineyards and 12 cultivars were analysed. There were great variations amongst regions in the incidence of GTDs. For esca/BDA, two groups were distinguished: vineyards in Jura and Charentes had greater incidence (93–95%) than those of Bordeaux, Alsace and Bourgogne (54–82%). Incidence increased in Charentes over the 6-year survey, with the highest values being recorded during the last 2 years. For eutypa dieback, all vineyards of Charentes were affected, with 17 to 25% of vines expressing symptoms; for the other regions, 52 to 80% of vineyards were affected, with incidences below 3%. Cultivars Savagnin and Trousseau in Jura were especially affected by esca/BDA. Instead, Ugni Blanc in Charentes was most affected by eutypa dieback. One cultivar could be significantly more affected in one region than in another. The global health status of the vineyards was also investigated. (i) For four regions, 82% (Jura) to 87% (Alsace) of the grapevines were healthy, but this percentage decreased steadily (67%) in Charentes. (ii) Plants infected by GTDs were 32 and 18% in Jura and Charentes respectively, and only 2.9% in the Bourgogne region. (iii) The unproductive plants, i.e. dead, missing, replanted or restored, represented a significant part of the losses (6.6% in Charentes to 9.9% in Jura). The extension of GTDs is discussed with regard to the abiotic and biotic factors that may favour the diseases

Overview of grapevine trunk diseases in France in the 2000s

The National Grapevine Trunk Disease Survey was conducted in France from 2003 to 2008 to monitor grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), eutypa dieback and esca/black dead arm (BDA). Data collected from seven regions, 329 vineyards and 12 cultivars were analysed. There were great variations amongst regions in the incidence of GTDs. For esca/BDA, two groups were distinguished: vineyards in Jura and Charentes had greater incidence (93–95%) than those of Bordeaux, Alsace and Bourgogne (54–82%). Incidence increased in Charentes over the 6-year survey, with the highest values being recorded during the last 2 years. For eutypa dieback, all vineyards of Charentes were affected, with 17 to 25% of vines expressing symptoms; for the other regions, 52 to 80% of vineyards were affected, with incidences below 3%. Cultivars Savagnin and Trousseau in Jura were especially affected by esca/BDA. Instead, Ugni Blanc in Charentes was most affected by eutypa dieback. One cultivar could be significantly more affected in one region than in another. The global health status of the vineyards was also investigated. (i) For four regions, 82% (Jura) to 87% (Alsace) of the grapevines were healthy, but this percentage decreased steadily (67%) in Charentes. (ii) Plants infected by GTDs were 32 and 18% in Jura and Charentes respectively, and only 2.9% in the Bourgogne region. (iii) The unproductive plants, i.e. dead, missing, replanted or restored, represented a significant part of the losses (6.6% in Charentes to 9.9% in Jura). The extension of GTDs is discussed with regard to the abiotic and biotic factors that may favour the diseases

Comparative study of fungal and bacterial communities colonizing the woody tissues of grapevines which had expressed or not the esca symptoms

L’esca est une maladie de dépérissement du bois de la vigne conduisant à la mort des ceps. Actuellement le vignoble mondial est atteint, et au niveau français, cette maladie ne cesse de progresser. Ainsi, 8% des ceps dans le Jura et 4,5% dans la région de Bordeaux manifestent des symptômes d’esca, selon les parcelles des chiffres beaucoup plus élevés sont obtenus, certains cépages sont aussi beaucoup plus sensibles que d’autres. Plusieurs champignons seraient impliqués dans l’esca mais leur rôle ainsi que la détermination de la microflore responsable de cette maladie est encore sujette à interrogation. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse a été de caractériser et de comparer les microflores fongiques et bactériennes colonisant le bois de ceps de vigne ayant exprimé ou non des symptômes foliaires d’esca. Dans un premier temps, nous avons prélevé des ceps (cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon) relativement jeunes (10 ans d’âge) car ils présentaient l’intérêt d’être peu dégradés au niveau du bois du tronc, les symptômes foliaires étant associés à la présence d’amadou (une nécrose typique de l’esca) uniquement dans les bras. Une grande diversité dans les communautés fongiques (674 OTUs) et bactériennes (222 OTUs) colonisant le bois a été observée. Cette diversité est plus importante dans le bois sain de la vigne que dans celui partiellement ou totalement nécrosé. Les techniques utilisées, i.e. isolement/séquençage de souches, empreinte moléculaire (Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism, SSCP) et pyroséquençage 454, ont montré que les communautés bactériennes ou fongiques étaient différentes dans les tissus dégradés comparés à ceux qui ne l’étaient pas. Des changements de microflores en fonction du temps (expérimentation durant 1 année) ont aussi été observés. D’une façon générale, les espèces de champignons impliquées dans l’esca sont déjà présentes dans le bois apparemment sain de ceps esca-foliaires symptomatiques mais aussi des asymptomatiques. Il n’a pas été possible de différencier ces 2 types de microflores au niveau du bois sain des plants, cette différentiation se faisant au niveau des nécroses, qui sont plus abondantes dans les ceps esca-symptomatiques. Pour la première fois nous avons montré que des communautés bactériennes spécifiques étaient associées à l’esca, leurs aptitudes trophiques étant différentes selon les tissus où elles étaient prélevées. Les espèces isolées suggèrent que certaines pourraient avoir un rôle dans la protection du végétal, d’autres dans la dégradation des structures du bois, e.g. de la lignine, préparant ainsi le terrain aux champignons dégradateurs des tissus ligneux, déjà présents à l’intérieur des ceps. Nous avons aussi étudiés des ceps plus âgés (cultivar Baco blanc), de 42 et 58 ans, qui avaient un rendement acceptable et n’avaient pas manifesté de symptômes d’esca ou eutypiose (une autre maladie du bois) l’année du prélèvement. Au niveau des tissus fonctionnels du bois, les communautés fongiques étaient caractéristiques de plants atteints par l’eutypiose (ceps de 42 ans) ou de l’esca (ceux de 58 ans). La non expression par les ceps de ces 2 maladies pourrait cependant être associée à la forte présence de champignons mycoparasites et protecteur du végétal, comme Trichoderma spp., dans ces tissus fonctionnels. Les interactions au sein des communautés fongiques créant un équilibre où le pathogène ne se développerait pas de façon extensive. Les caractéristiques du Baco blanc, un hybride, moins sensible à certaines maladies de la vigne, pourrait aussi expliquer ce résultat. Ainsi la présence d’une microflore bénéfique naturellement présente dans le bois des ceps associée à des plants ayant une tolérance à ces maladies pourrait ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives pour lutter l’esca, voire l’eutypiose, pour lesquelles aucun moyen de protection n’existe aujourd’hui.Esca is a Grapevine Trunk Disease (GTD) that induces a decline in grapevine vigour that generally leads up with the death of the plants. Nowadays, vineyards worldwide are attacked by esca and, in France this disease increases steadily. In the Jura, 8% of the grapevines are esca-foliar symptomatic and approximately 4.5% in the Bordeaux region. However, some vineyards are more severely attacked by esca, and certain cultivars are more susceptible than others. Although several pathogenic fungi are associated with esca, their individual roles and their interaction with other microorganisms for the esca have still to be determined. In this context, the objective of the present PhD study is to characterize and compare the bacterial and fungal microflora that colonize the wood tissues of esca-foliar symptomatic and asymptomatic grapevines. First, we sampled young (10 year-old) grapevines (Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar) because they had only few necroses in the trunk and white-rot (also called amadou) was only present in the cordons of symptomatic plants. Great diversity in the fungal (674 OTUs) and bacterial (222 OTUs) communities was observed. This diversity was higher in the apparently healthy wood than in the partially or totally necrotic wood tissues. The methods used isolation/sequencing of microbial strains, a molecular fingerprinting method (Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism, SSCP) and 454 pyrosequencing showed that the fungal and bacterial communities of the necrotic and healthy wood tissues were different. Changes in the microflora over time (over a one-year period) have been observed. Fungal species involved in esca are already present in the apparently healthy wood of esca-foliar symptomatic plants but also in the asymptomatic ones. It was not possible to differentiate these 2 microflora. Only microflora from the necroses differed from those of the healthy wood with these necroses being more developed in the esca-foliar symptomatic grapevines. For the first time, we were able to determine that specific bacterial communities are associated with esca. Depending on the wood tissues, different types of bacteria were isolated, with different trophic behaviour. Two roles could be assigned to the species isolated from the various wood tissues: (i) a positive role, due to the biocontrol potential that many species have; (ii) a negative one, by predisposing the wood of grapevines to fungal attacks. We also studied, old (42 and 58 year-old) grapevines of the cultivar, Baco blanc, that produced regular harvests. The plants had no expressed foliar symptoms of esca or eutypa dieback during the sampling year. Many plant pathogens colonized the functional wood tissues, but in 58 year-old plants they were associated with esca, and in 42 year-old plants, with eutypa dieback. The absence of GTDs expression could be linked to the numerous plant protectant mycoparasites, such as Trichoderma spp., that colonized the functional wood tissues. Interactions between species within the fungal communities may create a balance that is unfavourable to the development of the pathogens. The use of Baco blanc, a hybrid less susceptible to certain grapevine diseases could also explain this result. So, because no means of protection are currently available, the combination of beneficial microflora within the garpevine wood tissues with plants that are tolerant to esca, or even eutypa dieback, could be helpful to control those diseases