Family-based pediatric weight management interventions in US primary care settings targeting children ages 6-12 years old: A systematic review guided by the RE-AIM framework.

Obesity is a pandemic that disproportionately affects children from vulnerable populations in the USA. Current treatment approaches in primary care settings in the USA have been reported to be insufficient at managing pediatric obesity, primarily due to implementation challenges for healthcare systems and barriers for families. While the literature has examined the efficacy of pediatric obesity interventions focused on internal validity, it lacks sufficient reporting and analysis of external validity necessary for successful translation to primary care settings. We conducted a systematic review of the primary-care-setting literature from January 2007 to March 2020 on family-based pediatric weight management interventions in both English and/or Spanish for children ages 6-12 years in the USA using the Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. A literature search, using PRISMA guidelines, was conducted in January 2022 using the following electronic databases: Medline Ovid, Embase, and Cochrane Library. 22 270 records were screened, and 376 articles were reviewed in full. 184 studies were included. The most commonly reported dimensions of the RE-AIM framework were Reach (65%), Efficacy/Effectiveness (64%), and Adoption (64%), while Implementation (47%) and Maintenance (42%) were less often reported. The prevalence of reporting RE-AIM construct indicators ranged greatly, from 1% to 100%. This systematic review underscores the need for more focus on external validity to guide the development, implementation, and dissemination of future pediatric obesity interventions based in primary care settings. It also suggests conducting additional research on sustainable financing for pediatric obesity interventions

The Effects of Climate Change on Plant Pathogen Epidemiology: Melampsora Lini as a Tractable Model for Within-Host Pathogen Spread

Fungal pathogens are highly susceptible to changes in climate, and we expect to see subsequent changes in epidemiological patterns over the coming century as environmental conditions shift. These changes threaten the stability and output of food systems worldwide, to which fungal pathogens already significantly destroy each year. In attempt to provide scientific evidence to these challenges, this study investigates the effects of changing climate conditions on the epidemiology of pathogens. Using the fungal pathogen Melampsora lini of the flax wildflower Linum lewisii as a model, I studied the traits of within-host spread across a range of elevations in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. These elevations capture variations in climate conditions of temperature and humidity. Within-host pathogen spread was measured at four distinct scales: the size of the pustule, the number of pustules on a stem, the total length of stem tissue infected, and the number of infected stems of a plant. I used regression models to examine the impact of temperature and humidity on the spread of disease at each of these scales. These results show that the effects of climate on pathogen spread are nuanced and dependent on the interaction between temperature, humidity, and infection density of a plant. There is also evidence of trends linking the individual within-host scales to each other and to broader population-level epidemics, highlighting the future applications of these methods

The Effects of Climate Change on Plant Pathogen Epidemiology: Melampsora Lini as a Tractable Model for Within-Host Pathogen Spread

Fungal pathogens are highly susceptible to changes in climate, and we expect to see subsequent changes in epidemiological patterns over the coming century as environmental conditions shift. These changes threaten the stability and output of food systems worldwide, to which fungal pathogens already significantly destroy each year. In attempt to provide scientific evidence to these challenges, this study investigates the effects of changing climate conditions on the epidemiology of pathogens. Using the fungal pathogen Melampsora lini of the flax wildflower Linum lewisii as a model, I studied the traits of within-host spread across a range of elevations in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. These elevations capture variations in climate conditions of temperature and humidity. Within-host pathogen spread was measured at four distinct scales: the size of the pustule, the number of pustules on a stem, the total length of stem tissue infected, and the number of infected stems of a plant. I used regression models to examine the impact of temperature and humidity on the spread of disease at each of these scales. These results show that the effects of climate on pathogen spread are nuanced and dependent on the interaction between temperature, humidity, and infection density of a plant. There is also evidence of trends linking the individual within-host scales to each other and to broader population-level epidemics, highlighting the future applications of these methods

The Effects of Climate Change on Plant Pathogen Epidemiology: Melampsora Lini as a Tractable Model for Within-Host Pathogen Spread

Fungal pathogens are highly susceptible to changes in climate, and we expect to see subsequent changes in epidemiological patterns over the coming century as environmental conditions shift. These changes threaten the stability and output of food systems worldwide, to which fungal pathogens already significantly destroy each year. In attempt to provide scientific evidence to these challenges, this study investigates the effects of changing climate conditions on the epidemiology of pathogens. Using the fungal pathogen Melampsora lini of the flax wildflower Linum lewisii as a model, I studied the traits of within-host spread across a range of elevations in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. These elevations capture variations in climate conditions of temperature and humidity. Within-host pathogen spread was measured at four distinct scales: the size of the pustule, the number of pustules on a stem, the total length of stem tissue infected, and the number of infected stems of a plant. I used regression models to examine the impact of temperature and humidity on the spread of disease at each of these scales. These results show that the effects of climate on pathogen spread are nuanced and dependent on the interaction between temperature, humidity, and infection density of a plant. There is also evidence of trends linking the individual within-host scales to each other and to broader population-level epidemics, highlighting the future applications of these methods

The bushlike radiation of muroid rodents is exemplified by the molecular phylogeny of the LCAT nuclear gene.

Phylogenetic relationships among 40 extant species of rodents, with an emphasis on the taxonomic sampling of Muridae and Dipodidae, were studied using sequences of the nuclear protein-coding gene LCAT (lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase). Analysis of 804 bp from the exonic regions of LCAT confirmed many traditional groupings in and around Muridae. A strong support was found for the families Muridae (represented by 29 species) and Dipodidae (5 species). Compared with Sciuridae, Gliridae, and Caviomorpha, the Dipodidae family appeared the closest relative of Muridae, confirming the suprafamilial Myodonta concept. Within the speciose family Muridae, the first branching leads to the fossorial Spalacinae and semifossorial Rhyzomyinae. The remaining components of Muridae appear as a polytomy from which are issued Sigmodontinae, Calomyscinae, Arvicolinae, Cricetinae, Mystromyinae, Nesomyinae, and some Dendromurinae (Steatomys and Dendromus). This phylogeny is interpreted as the result of a bushlike radiation at the end of the early Miocene, leading to emergence of most living subfamilies. The separation between three additional taxa, Murinae, Gerbillinae, and "Acomyinae" (which comprises the genera Acomys, Deomys, Uranomys, and Lophuromys), has occurred more recently from a common ancestor issued from the main basal radiation. As previously shown by other molecular studies, the vlei rats, Otomyinae, are nested within Old World Murinae. In the same way, the zokors, Myospalacinae, appear strongly nested within the hamsters, Cricetinae. Finally, we propose a sister group relationship between Malagasy Nesomyinae and south African Mystromyinae