1,504 research outputs found
Rate limitation within a single enzyme is directly related to enzyme intermediate levels.
AbstractThe extents to which different rate constants limit the steady-state rate of an isolated enzyme can be quantified as the control coefficients of those constants and elemental steps. We have found that the sum of the control coefficients of rate constants characterising unidirectional rates depleting a particular enzyme intermediate is equal to the concentration of that enzyme intermediate as a fraction of the total enzyme concentration. Together with simple measurements this powerful relation may be used (i) to estimate certain enzyme intermediate levels, in particular the free enzyme concentration, and (ii) to estimate the control coefficients of rate constants and steps
The Conway-Kochen argument and relativistic GRW models
In a recent paper, Conway and Kochen proposed what is now known as the "Free
Will theorem" which, among other things, should prove the impossibility of
combining GRW models with special relativity, i.e., of formulating
relativistically invariant models of spontaneous wavefunction collapse. Since
their argument basically amounts to a non-locality proof for any theory aiming
at reproducing quantum correlations, and since it was clear since very a long
time that any relativistic collapse model must be non-local in some way, we
discuss why the theorem of Conway and Kochen does not affect the program of
formulating relativistic GRW models.Comment: 16 pages, RevTe
Prognostic factors affecting outcomes in fistulating perianal Crohn's disease: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND: One in three patients with Crohn's disease will develop a perianal fistulae, and one third of these will achieve long-term healing or closure. A barrier to conducting well-designed clinical trials for these patients is a lack of understanding of prognostic factors. This systematic review sets out to identify factors associated with prognosis of perianal Crohn's fistulae. METHODS: This review was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42016050316) and conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines along a predefined protocol. English-language studies assessing baseline factors related to outcomes of fistulae treatment in adult patients were included. Searches were performed on MEDLINE and Embase databases. Screening of abstracts and full texts for eligibility was performed prior to extraction of data into predesigned forms. Bias was assessed using the QUIPS tool. RESULTS: Searches identified 997 papers. Following removal of duplicates and secondary searches, 923 were screened for inclusion. Forty-seven papers were reviewed at full-text level and 13, 2 of which were randomised trials, were included in the final qualitative review. Two studies reported distribution of Crohn's disease as a prognostic factor for healing. Two studies found that CARD15 mutations decreased response of fistulae to antibiotics. Complexity of fistulae anatomy was implicated in prognosis by 4 studies. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review has identified potential prognostic markers, including genetic factors and disease behaviour. We cannot, however, draw robust conclusions from this heterogeneous group of studies; therefore, we recommend that a prospective cohort study of well-characterised patients with Crohn's perianal fistulae is undertaken
Effect of the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry potential on the transverse and elliptic flows
In the framework of the isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck
transport model, effect of the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry
potential on nuclear transverse and elliptic flows in the neutron-rich reaction
Sn+Sn at a beam energy of 400 MeV/nucleon is studied. We find
that the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry potential affects the rapidity
distribution of the free neutron to proton ratio, the neutron and the proton
transverse flows as a function of rapidity. The momentum dependence of nuclear
symmetry potential affects the neutron-proton differential transverse flow more
evidently than the difference of neutron and proton transverse flows as well as
the difference of proton and neutron elliptic flows. It is thus better to probe
the symmetry energy by using the difference of neutron and proton flows since
the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry potential is still an open
question. And it is better to probe the momentum dependence of nuclear symmetry
potential by using the neutron-proton differential transverse flow and the
rapidity distribution of the free neutron to proton ratio.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, to be published by EPJ
Magnetic field-dependent interplay between incoherent and Fermi liquid transport mechanisms in low-dimensional tau phase organic conductors
We present an electrical transport study of the 2-dimensional (2D) organic
conductor tau-(P-(S,S)-DMEDT-TTF)_2(AuBr)_2(AuBr_2)_y (y = 0.75) at low
temperatures and high magnetic fields. The inter-plane resistivity rho_zz
increases with decreasing temperature, with the exception of a slight anomaly
at 12 K. Under a magnetic field B, both rho_zz and the in-plane resistivity
plane rho_xx show a pronounced negative and hysteretic magnetoresistance with
Shubnikov de Haas (SdH)oscillations being observed in some (high
quality)samples above 15 T. Contrary to the predicted single, star-shaped,
closed orbit Fermi surface from band structure calculations (with an expected
approximate area of 12.5% of A_FBZ), two fundamental frequencies F_l and F_h
are detected in the SdH signal. These orbits correspond to 2.4% and 6.8% of the
area of the first Brillouin zone(A_FBZ), with effective masses F_l = 4.0 +/-
0.5 and F_h = 7.3 +/- 0.1. The angular dependence, in tilted magnetic fields of
F_l and F_h, reveals the 2D character of the FS and Angular dependent
magnetoresistance (AMRO) further suggests a FS which is strictly 2-D where the
inter-plane hopping t_c is virtually absent or incoherent. The Hall constant
R_xy is field independent, and the Hall mobility increases by a factor of 3
under moderate magnetic fields. Our observations suggest a unique physical
situation where a stable 2D Fermi liquid state in the molecular layers are
incoherently coupled along the least conducting direction. The magnetic field
not only reduces the inelastic scattering between the 2D metallic layers, but
it also reveals the incoherent nature of interplane transport in the AMRO
spectrum. The apparent ferromagnetism of the hysteretic magnetoresistance
remains an unsolved problem.Comment: 33 pages, 11 figure
The mixed problem in L^p for some two-dimensional Lipschitz domains
We consider the mixed problem for the Laplace operator in a class of
Lipschitz graph domains in two dimensions with Lipschitz constant at most 1.
The boundary of the domain is decomposed into two disjoint sets D and N. We
suppose the Dirichlet data, f_D has one derivative in L^p(D) of the boundary
and the Neumann data is in L^p(N). We find conditions on the domain and the
sets D and N so that there is a p_0>1 so that for p in the interval (1,p_0), we
may find a unique solution to the mixed problem and the gradient of the
solution lies in L^p
Explaining the unobserved: why quantum mechanics is not only about information
A remarkable theorem by Clifton, Bub and Halvorson (2003)(CBH) characterizes
quantum theory in terms of information--theoretic principles. According to Bub
(2004, 2005) the philosophical significance of the theorem is that quantum
theory should be regarded as a ``principle'' theory about (quantum) information
rather than a ``constructive'' theory about the dynamics of quantum systems.
Here we criticize Bub's principle approach arguing that if the mathematical
formalism of quantum mechanics remains intact then there is no escape route
from solving the measurement problem by constructive theories. We further
propose a (Wigner--type) thought experiment that we argue demonstrates that
quantum mechanics on the information--theoretic approach is incomplete.Comment: 34 Page
The UK risk assessment scheme for all non-native species
1. A pest risk assessment scheme, adapted from the EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation) scheme, was developed to assess the risks posed to UK species, habitats and ecosystems by non-native taxa.
2. The scheme provides a structured framework for evaluating the potential for non-native organisms, whether intentional or unintentional introductions, to enter, establish, spread and cause significant impacts in all or part of the UK. Specialist modules permit the relative importance of entry pathways, the vulnerability of receptors and the consequences of policies to be assessed and appropriate risk management options to be selected. Spreadsheets for summarising the level of risk and uncertainty, invasive attributes and economic impact were created. In addition, new methods for quantifying economic impact and summarising risk and uncertainty were explored.
3. Although designed for the UK, the scheme can readily be applied elsewhere
Absence of resonant enhancements in some inclusive rates
A toy model is defined and solved perturbatively with the aim of examining
some claimed "resonant" enhancements of certain reaction rates that enter
popular models of leptogenesis. We find: a) that such enhancements are absent;
and b) that the perturbative solution, as done correctly using finite-
temperature field theory, is well defined without the "resumming" procedures
found in the literature. The pathologies that led to the perceived need for
these procedures are an artifact of uncritical use of weighted vacuum cross-
sections in the determination of rates, without adequate attention to the
effects of the medium upon the single particle states within it.Comment: 11 pages, no figures. Some typos corrected. More typos correcte
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