Application of micro computed tomography for adjustment of model parameters for discrete element method

Nowadays the Discrete Element Method (DEM) is widely applied for the numerical simulation of granular materials. However, for the effective application of DEM detailed information about material properties is needed. Some material parameters of individual particles can be directly measured using various experimental set-ups like shear cell, compression tester, electron microscopy, etc. Nevertheless, in the majority of cases such measurements do not suffice to get overall information about the material. Therefore, various macroscopic experiments like determination of static or dynamic angle of repose are often used to validate DEM simulations and to adjust model parameters. In this contribution, an alternative non-intrusive technique for the estimation of unknown parameters, which is based on particle tracking in sets of the micro computed tomography images, is proposed. In comparison to other methods this technique allows to obtain detailed information about particle motion inside the granular material and does not only rely on the surface properties. In the presented contribution experiments and simulation studies were performed using a cylindrical mixer apparatus filled with polyethylene microspheres. Based on the analysis of obtained images, the exact 3D-positions of all particles in the mixing volume were determined and extracted. For numerical calculations the DEM implemented into component-based simulation framework MUSEN was used

Probing Composition and Molecular Mobility in Thin Spherical Films Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements of Diffusion

The composition and molecular mobility within thin spherical liquid films have been investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diffusion measurements. These films were formed either on the surface of pores inside a sponge at low saturation or by adsorbed water on the outside of urea prills during caking. Using pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR experiments, the molecular mobility within these liquid films was determined through analysis of the conditional probability density for displacement (propagator). Molecular diffusion coefficients were determined for films in the sponge and prill systems by fitting the experimental propagators using a model for diffusion on an array of isotropically distributed infinite planes. By comparing these diffusion coefficients with bulk diffusion coefficients for a range of concentrations of urea solutions (2.1 M, 6.2 M and saturated), it was possible to optimize the PFG experimental parameters to enable accurate determination of molecular diffusion in these spherical liquid films. Determination of the diffusion coefficients for a range of urea solutions in the sponge enabled identification of the composition of the film that formed on the surface of the urea prills. Analysis of these data showed that the liquid layers are composed of saturated urea solution covering the surface of the prills, with an estimated layer thickness on the order of 10–5 m. The shape of the propagators indicated the adsorbed water was uniformly distributed over the surface of the urea prills, rather than primarily in the meniscus between particles, which agrees with dye visualization experiments on a pair of urea prills during caking. This work provides the first quantitative measurements of diffusion in thin spherical films, which is a key parameter for determining what controls the presence and rate of bonding between adjacent particle surfaces

Maximum rates of N2 fixation and primary production are out of phase in a developing cyanobacterial bloom in the Baltic Sea

Although N2-fixing cyanobacteria contribute significantly to oceanic sequestration of atmospheric CO2, little is known about how N2 fixation and carbon fixation (primary production) interact in natural populations of marine cyanobacteria. In a developing cyanobacterial bloom in the Baltic Sea, rates of N2 fixation (acetylene reduction) showed both diurnal and longer-term fluctuations. The latter reflected fluctuations in the nitrogen status of the cyanobacterial population and could be correlated with variations in the ratio of acetylene reduced to 15N2 assimilated. The value of this ratio may provide useful information about the release of newly fixed nitrogen by a cyanobacterial population. However, although the diurnal fluctuations in N2 fixation broadly paralleled diurnal fluctuations in carbon fixation, the longer-term fluctuations in these two processes were out of phase.