182 research outputs found
Les effets environnementaux des particules
National audienceApart from its impact on human health, particulate matter is involved in different environmental problems, such as climate change, tropospheric ozone formation, visibility impairment and hydrology disruption. The role of particulate matter in global warming depends on the composition of the particles, and can lead to a cooling or a warming effect. New scientific results are currently showing the possibility of a stronger warming of the atmosphere by black carbon aerosols than previously thought. For that reason, some scientists claim that strategies to fight global warming should include black carbon emission reductions. These reductions would have an immediate action of slowing global warming, that would complete actions taken on CO2 targeting long-term effects. Such a strategy would bring ancillary benefits in terms of air quality and health effects. At least, past and current European policies of emission reduction of SO2 and NH3 are expected to lead to a decrease in the cooling effect of sulphate and nitrate aerosols, that should be offset as much as possible by efforts on black carbon emission reductions, otherwise the net effect of aerosols on global warming in Europe could go the wrong way. Pollution by particulate matter and tropospheric ozone formation are closely interconnected (particulate matter impacts on photolysis rates, secondary aerosol and ozone have common precursor gases,...), and for that reason the North-American Strategy on Tropospheric Ozone (NARSTO) chose to integrate both aspects in its strategy. Such a concern for consistency should be considered at a higher degree within the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution in Europe. Another environmental effect of particulate matter is visibility impairment, mainly attributable to sulphate and organic aerosols. In the United States, it is considered as an important problem that affects not only National Parks but also the entire population. It has been evaluated in the US that monetarised benefits from the Clean Air Act are twice as high as benefits expected from reduced damages to crops by tropospheric ozone. There is very few knowledge about public perception of this environmental problem in Europe, nor European countries seem to have policies to address the issue. However, a recent study found that visibility impairment was more pronounced for most parts of Europe than in the USA. Finally, considering all environmental effects of particulate matter, it is likely that the best way to address such a variety of problems is to search for a simultaneous and general reduction of all air pollutants emissions. It is especially important that future emissions reduction of atmospheric pollutants address black carbon, if we want to avoid the risk that these reductions might lead to counter-productive effects in terms of climate change.En dehors de leur effet sur la santé humaine, les particules interviennent dans de nombreuses problématiques environnementales, dont le changement climatique, la formation d'ozone troposphérique, la réduction de la visibilité, et les régimes hydrologiques. L'effet des particules en termes de changement climatique est complexe et emprunte plusieurs voies. Il se traduit par des effets opposés de réchauffement ou de refroidissement de l'atmosphère, notamment selon la composition chimique des particules. On semble assister actuellement à la remise en cause de l'idée qui prévalait que, globalement, les aérosols refroidissaient l'atmosphère, notamment en raison de nouveaux faits scientifiques concernant l'action réchauffante des particules de carbone. Par conséquent, certains scientifiques estiment que les stratégies de lutte contre le changement climatique pourraient inclure une réduction des aérosols de carbone-suie, en permettant un effet à court terme de ralentissement du changement climatique, complémentaire des actions sur le CO2, qui sont plus difficiles à mettre en place à court terme, et qui n'auront pas un impact rapide. Des bénéfices supplémentaires en termes de qualité de l'air sont en outre à attendre d'une telle stratégie. Enfin, les politiques passées et actuelles de réduction importante des émissions de SO2 et NH3 en Europe vont amener une baisse des aérosols secondaires de sulfate et de nitrate, globalement refroidissants, qui devrait être accompagnée par une baisse suffisante des aérosols de carbone-suie, sous peine d'une évolution négative du forçage radiatif global par les aérosols en Europe. Des liens étroits unissent pollution particulaire et formation d'ozone (impact des particules sur les réactions photo-oxydantes, précurseurs communs pour les particules secondaires et l'ozone,...), ce qui a conduit à intégrer complètement les deux stratégies, dans le cadre de la Stratégie Nord Américaine pour l'Ozone Troposphérique (NARSTO). Ce souci de cohérence des stratégies de réduction des particules avec les problèmes de formation d'ozone serait utile à considérer pour la Convention de Genève sur la Pollution Atmosphérique Transfrontière en Europe. Un autre impact qui leur est imputable est la réduction de la visibilité,qui est principalement le fait des aérosols de sulfates et des aérosols organiques. Aux Etats-Unis, il s'agit d'un problème important, considéré comme portant atteinte aux parcs nationaux, mais également à l'ensemble de la population. On a pu évaluer aux USA que les bénéfices monétarisés du Clean Air Act sont deux fois plus importants en termes d'amélioration de la visibilité, que pour la réduction des dommages aux cultures par l'ozone troposphérique. Peu de connaissance est disponible sur la perception de cette question par les populations, et aucun pays d'Europe ne semble disposer d'une politique en la matière. Cependant, une étude récente a estimé que la réduction de visibilité est significativement plus grande en Europe qu'aux Etats-Unis. Au vu de cette synthèse des effets environnementaux des particules, il semble probable que la seule façon d'obtenir des politiques globalement positives pour l'ensemble des effets pris en considération, soit de rechercher une baisse continue et simultanée des émissions de l'ensemble des polluants atmosphériques. Il semble notamment important de veiller à ce que les mesures de réduction des émissions de polluants atmosphériques prises dans le futur, hors gaz à effets de serre, prennent en compte le carbone-suie, car sinon il existe un risque qu'elles conduisent à un effet contre-productif en termes de lutte contre le réchauffement global
Perspectives for integrating human and environmental risk assessment and synergies with socio-economic analysis
International audienceFor more than a decade, the integration of human and environmental risk assessment (RA) has become an attractive vision. At the same time, existing European regulations of chemical substances such as REACH (EC Regulation No. 1907/2006), the Plant Protection Products Regulation (EC regulation 1107/2009) and Biocide Regulation (EC Regulation 528/2012) continue to ask for sector-specific RAs, each of which have their individual information requirements regarding exposure and hazard data, and also use different methodologies for the ultimate risk quantification. In response to this difference between the vision for integration and the current scientific and regulatory practice, the present paper outlines five medium-term opportunities for integrating human and environmental RA, followed by detailed discussions of the associated major components and their state of the art. Current hazard assessment approaches are analyzed in terms of data availability and quality, and covering non-test tools, the integrated testing strategy (ITS) approach, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept, methods for assessing uncertainty, and the issue of explicitly treating mixture toxicity. With respect to exposure, opportunities for integrating exposure assessment are discussed, taking into account the uncertainty, standardization and validation of exposure modeling as well as the availability of exposure data. A further focus is on ways to complement RA by a socio-economic assessment (SEA) in order to better inform about risk management options. In this way, the present analysis, developed as part of the EU FP7 project HEROIC, may contribute to paving the way for integrating, where useful and possible, human and environmental RA in a manner suitable for its coupling with SEA
Low incidence of SARS-CoV-2, risk factors of mortality and the course of illness in the French national cohort of dialysis patients
Comparing socio-economic benefits and risks of chemicals using socio-economic analysis in the context of REACH
International audienceAccording to the definition given by the European Chemicals Agency1 , socio-economic analysis (SEA) is a method to evaluate what costs and benefits an action will create for society by comparing what will happen if this action is implemented as compared to the situation where it is not. The analysis typically attempts to include also those effects that are indirect or incompletely reflected by market transactions
Socio-economic analysis : a tool for assessing the potential of nanotechnologies
International audienceCost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) has a long history, especially in the USA, of being used for the assessment of new regulation, new infrastructure and more recently for new technologies. Under the denomination of Socio-Economic Analysis (SEA), this concept is used in EU safety and environmental regulation, especially for the placing of chemicals on the market (REACh regulation) and the operation of industrial installations (Industrial Emissions Directive). As far as REACh and other EU legislation apply specifically to nanomaterials in the future, SEA might become an important assessment tool for nanotechnologies. The most important asset of SEA regarding nanomaterials, is the comparison with alternatives in socio-economic scenarios, which is key for the understanding of how a nanomaterial "socially" performs in comparison with its alternatives. "Industrial economics" methods should be introduced in SEAs to make industry and the regulator share common concepts and visions about economic competitiveness implications of regulating nanotechnologies, SEA and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) can complement each other : Socio-Economic LCA are increasingly seen as a complete assessment tool for nanotechnologies, but the perspective between Social LCA and SEA are different and the respective merits and limitations of both approaches should be kept in mind. SEA is a "pragmatic regulatory impact analysis", that uses a cost/benefit framework analysis but remains open to other disciplines than economy, and open to the participation of stakeholders for the construction of scenarios of the deployment of technologies and the identification of alternatives. SEA is "pragmatic" in the sense that it is driven by the purpose to assess "what happens" with the introduction of nanotechnology, and uses methodologies such as Life Cycle Analysis only as far as they really contribute to that goal. We think that, being pragmatic, SEA is also adaptative, which is a key quality to handle the novelty of economic and social effects expected from nanotechnology
Substances prioritaires : le point sur leur utilisation et leur recherche dans les rejets industriels en France
National audienceL'adoption récente de la directive 2000/60/CE du 23 octobre 2000 (JOCE du 22 décembre 2000) établissant un cadre pour une politique communautaire dans le domaine de l'eau rappelle et renforce les orientations communautaires relatives au bon état des écosystèmes aquatiques. En particulier, l'article 16 de cette Directive définit un cadre légal et méthodologique pour hiérarchiser et réduire les problèmes posés par la présence de substances polluantes dans les milieux aquatiques. Dans ce cadre, la décision 2455/2001 du 16 décembre 2001 complète la directive (Annexe X) en établissant une liste de 33 substances prioritaires dans le domaine de l'eau, dont 11 sont considérées comme " dangereuses ". La Directive prévoit la réduction progressive des rejets, émissions et pertes des substances prioritaires, et la suppression progressive, dans un délai de vingt ans, des rejets, émissions et pertes des substances " dangereuses " prioritaires. Des mesures de réduction des émissions devaient être proposées par la Commission, au moins pour le contrôle des sources ponctuelles avant fin 2003. Face à cet objectif ambitieux, il est d'abord apparu nécessaire d'acquérir des données et des connaissances sur les substances prioritaires, avant d'envisager une action des pouvoirs publics. Le travail mené dans ce sens par L'INERIS, avec les DRIRE, les Agences de l'Eau et le soutien du Ministère de l'Ecologie et du développement durable en France s'oriente selon deux axes complémentaires : - d'une part la recherche d'informations techniques et économiques sur l'emploi, l'état et les perspectives de substitution des substances prioritaires (bibliographie et enquêtes), - d'autre part l'analyse directe des substances prioritaires dans les rejets aqueux d'un grand nombre d'établissements industriels
Comparing socio-economic benefits and risks of chemicals using socio-economic analysis in the context of REACH
International audienceAccording to the definition given by the European Chemicals Agency1 , socio-economic analysis (SEA) is a method to evaluate what costs and benefits an action will create for society by comparing what will happen if this action is implemented as compared to the situation where it is not. The analysis typically attempts to include also those effects that are indirect or incompletely reflected by market transactions
Situation in Europe and the World: Societal Risks and Benefits of New Nanometric Products
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