Infection-interactions in Ethiopian village chickens

Chickens raised under village production systems are exposed to a wide variety of pathogens, and current or previous infections may affect their susceptibility to further infections with another parasite, and/or can alter the manifestation of each infection. It is possible that co-infections may be as important as environmental risk factors. However, in cross-sectional studies, where the timing of infection is unknown, apparent associations between infections may be observed due to parasites sharing common risk factors. This study measured antibody titres to 3 viral (Newcastle disease, Marek's disease and infectious bursal disease) and 2 bacterial (Pasteurella multocida and Salmonella) diseases, and the infection prevalence of 3 families of endo- and ecto-parasites (Ascaridida, Eimeria and lice) in 1056 village chickens from two geographically distinct populations in Ethiopia. Samples were collected during 4 cross-sectional surveys, each approximately 6 months apart. Constrained ordination, a technique for analysis of ecological community data, was used to explore this complex dataset and enabled potential relationships to be uncovered and tested despite the different measurements used for the different parasites. It was found that only a small proportion of variation in the data could be explained by the risk factors measured. Very few birds (9/1280) were found to be seropositive to Newcastle disease. Positive relationships were identified between Pasteurella and Salmonella titres; and between Marek's disease and parasitic infections, and these two groups of diseases were correlated with females and males, respectively. This may suggest differences in the way that the immune systems of male and female chickens interact with these parasites. In conclusion, we find that a number of infectious pathogens and their interactions are likely to impact village chicken health and production. Control of these infections is likely to be of importance in future development planning

Implantation of a heterologous dermo-epidermal skin substitute in a patient with deep dermal burn that enhances biomechanical and functional recovery: Case report

In Mexico, burns are considered a public health problem; approximately 93% of all burned patients are treated at public hospitals. For patients undergoing extensive burns, prompt skin coverage avoids potential complications, is life-saving, and is the key for acceptable functional and aesthetic results. Many efforts have been undertaken to find new strategies for the treatment of burns. The aim of this study was to create a human Dermo-Epidermal Skin Substitute (hDE-SS) by combining heterologous keratinocytes and fibroblasts cultured onto Radio-sterilized Human Amnion (RHA), suitable for the treatment of patients with deep dermal burns. The manufacture of hDE-SS was carried out under sterile conditions in a Class 100 Cleanroom located inside the Laboratory of Biotechnology at the National Center of Research and Attention for Burn Patients (CENIAQ, its acronym in spanish). The heterologous cells were obtained from skin remnants collected from elective aesthetic surgeries. RHA used as a scaffold was obtained from placental tissue irradiated with 25 kGy of gamma radiation. Viable constructs were obtained, revealing a positive immunophenotype for fibroblast surface antigen (1B10) and negative for human alpha smooth muscle actin protein (α-sma). Keratinocytes were positive for CK5 and CK10 to a lesser extent. hDE-SS was implanted in one patient with a deep dermal burn who fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this study. The implanted patient was followed up through days 7, 14, 21, 35, and 92 post-implantation using photographic monitoring and measurement of the following: viscoelasticity (R6); net elasticity (R5); maximal extension (R0), and hydration, melanin, and erythema with a Cutometer®. The employment of hDE-SS in a deep dermal burn showed clinical re-epithelization within a 7-day period favored by cellular migration, due to the presence of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Also, the functional and mechanical quality of the skin was measured with the Cutometer®, demonstrating that it is optimal and similar to controls of healthy skin and an autograft, justifying the usage of hDE-SS. Keywords: Heterologous keratinocytes, Heterologous fibroblasts, Human dermo-epidermal skin substitute, Human amnion, Deep dermal burn, Suction method, Biomechanics, Cutomete