The gifts and ‘contributions' Friedrich Froebel and Russian education (1850–1929)

This article examines the contribution of the Russian Froebelian movement to educational theory and practice in Russia, in the context of the cultural transformation there from the second half of the nineteenth to the beginning of the twentieth century. The Froebel movement had a strong influence on not only the formation of Russian early years educational practice but also child psychology. The analysis explores mainly, but not exclusively, the educational ideas of two followers of Froebel, Elizaveta Vodovosova (1844–1923), educator and writer, and Luiza Schleger (1862–1942), founder of the first public kindergarten in Moscow. Their lives and educational beliefs highlight the development of two different interpretations of Froebelian educational theory in two particular periods of Russian cultural development. In this article we argue that the specific accommodation of Froebelian pedagogy in pre‐revolutionary Russia created the foundation for the presence of Froebelian ideas in the curriculum of Soviet Early Childhood Education

Conservation and resilience to drought: a social-ecological perspective on conservation areas in Kenya's Southern Maasailand

This thesis aims to elucidate the complex and important ways in which community conservation areas in Kenya’s Southern Maasailand interplay with resilience to drought. Using a social-ecological systems perspective and a resilience lens, this thesis makes use of data from quantitative and qualitative methods, including a household survey, semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and remote sensing to investigate two group ranches in Kenya’s semi-arid South Rift, Olkiramatian and Shompole. These communities have chosen to establish conservation areas on a significant portion of their land, and they have experienced two severe droughts over the last decade. This thesis explores the historical context of livelihoods, droughts, and land tenure in Olkiramatian and Shompole, as well as the provenance of their conservation areas. Research findings show that the conservation areas were established in drought grazing refuges, and that these areas continue to be used in that way today. In examining processes of adaptive governance over recent droughts, this thesis also shows how the current constitution of natural resource governance institutions, and the ways in which they are given authority, have resulted in adaptive systems which are considered to be legitimate, participatory, and effective at mediating complexity and uncertainty. This thesis also revealed that although the social-ecological systems are changing, current land management systems appear to be maximising resources while maintaining local resilience for people, livestock, and wildlife. This research finds that although contestations exist, some of the benefits of conservation areas appear to be reaching poorer households, and that for most households, conservation areas did not make things worse during recent droughts. However, conflict with wildlife remains a significant cost. In collating these results, this thesis highlights that when there is strong local ownership, with effective governance which prioritises culturally and economically important livelihoods, conservation areas can be helpful in maintaining social-ecological resilience to drought.Corpus Christi College Cambridge, the Department of Geography, the Philip Lake II Fund, the Fieldwork Fund, the University of Cambridge Philosophical Society, The Nature Conservancy Africa, the Mary Euphrasia Mosley Fund, the University of Cambridge's Special Hardship Fund

The Froebel movement and state schooling 1880-1914 : A study in educational ideology

This thesis examines the relation between the Froebel movement and state schooling in England between 1880 and 1914. It is argued that the Froebelian pedagogy functioned as an ideology which expressed the interests of middle class women in the sphere of schooling and in particular, the interests of such women who were for political or religious reasons excluded from the dominant culture of the hegemonic fraction of the power bloc. It is further argued that the relation between the Froebel movement and state schooling during the period may best be approached through a consideration of the articulation of Froebelian ideology with ideologies of industrial modernization and national efficiency which were advanced by groups who aimed to modernize the schooling of young children who attended state schools. The failure of the Froebelians to transform state schooling in the way that they desired is shown to be not only an effect of their own lack of power and the inappropriateness of their strategies but also an effect of the relative failure of broader attempts to modernize state schooling. The internal transformation of the Froebelian pedagogy is charted and it Is related to external critiques, the main condition of existence of which was a search for a science of education which was linked to the perceived need for a new type of teacher. This transformation is also shown to have been determined by the requirements of the state system of schooling which broadly understood included not only schools but training colleges and state policies as well

A geographical study of the jebel tarhuna, Tripolitania

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First, do no harm? Dark logic models, social injustice, and the prevention of iatrogenic conservation outcomes

In medicine and public health, the Hippocratic injunction to ‘first do no harm’ has inspired a longstanding tradition of research and practice seeking to mitigate iatrogenic (doctor or practitioner-created) risks. Aiming to anticipate and prevent iatrogenic outcomes, dark logic models challenge practitioners to explicitly consider mechanisms through which harms may arise from the implementation of proposed interventions. Placing recent literatures on conservation (in)justice in closer dialogue with debates about the utility of dark logic models in the health sciences, this article explores how such approaches may or may not be useful for avoiding negative social impacts or injustices in conservation governance. Particularly considering resurgent spatial ambitions in global biodiversity conservation – as evidenced by the Half Earth and 30 × 30 conservation targets – we suggest that dark logic models may ultimately prove to be a worthwhile component of conservation practice vis-à-vis the UN Convention on Biological Diversity's Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. In this context, dark logic models constitute an additional tool – which can be used in complementary fashion, alongside others – to better anticipate and prevent conservation harms, as well as to avoid further burdening those who have done the least to cause the biodiversity crisis with conservation's negative socioeconomic impacts.publishedVersio

Mavericks or Misfits? Irish Railroad Workers in Cuba - 1835-1844

Los registros archivísticos de la emigración irlandesa a Cuba describen una colonia de irlandeses contratados en Nueva York para trabajar para la Comisión del ferrocarril cubano. Los trabajadores contratados de Irlanda y de las Islas Canarias sufrieron unas condiciones de trabajo brutales bajo las reglas militares españolas en las que cualquier tentativa de absentismo era tratada como una deserción y castigada con prisión o ejecución. Sostengo aquí que las formaciones sociales y las formas de lucha en la creación de un proletariado sin tierra sentaron las bases y generaron las conductas de resistencia subalterna en este encuentro entre “un proletariado ambulante,” integrando los sistemas británico e ibérico de trabajo colonial. Contra-formaciones modernas sociales importadas y adaptadas al “nuevo mundo” se analizan ulteriormente desde la óptica de las teorías postcoloniales que trazan la mano de obra transitoria y temporal como un elemento intrínseco de la historia de la expansión capitalista.Archival records of Irish migration to Cuba describe a colony of "irlandeses" contracted in New York in 1835 to work for the Cuban Railway Commission. Contract labourers from Ireland and the Canary Islands were forced into a brutal work regime under Spanish military rule where any attempt to abscond was treated as desertion punishable by prison or execution. I argue that social formations and forms of struggle in the creation of a landless proletariat lay the ground in generating the conduct of subaltern resistance in this encounter between "a roving proletariat" and intersecting British and Iberian systems of colonial labour. Counter modern social formations imported and adapted to the "new world" are further analysed drawing on postcolonial theories which frame mobile transitory labour as an intrinsic, if recalcitrant, element in the history of capitalist expansion

Bridging the conservation and development trade‐off? A working landscape critique of a conservancy in the Maasai Mara

The recent call to halt biodiversity loss by protecting half the planet has been hotly contested because of the extent to which people might be excluded from these landscapes. It is clear that incorporating landscapes that implicitly work for indigenous people is vital to achieving any sustainable targets. We examine an attempt to balance the trade‐offs between conservation and development in Enonkishu Conservancy in the Maasai Mara, using a working landscape approach. Mobile livestock production strategies are theoretically consistent with wildlife‐based activities and can present a win‐win solution for both conservation and development. We explore the success and failings of Enonkishu's evolving attempts to achieve this: addressing the criticism of the conservation sector that it fails to learn from its mistakes. We found that Enonkishu has had considerable positive conservation outcomes, preventing the continued encroachment of farmland and maintaining and improving rangeland health relative to the surrounding area, while maintaining diverse and large populations of wildlife and livestock. The learning from certain ventures that failed, particularly on livestock, has created institutions and governance that, while still evolving, are more robust and relevant for conservancy members, by being fluid and inclusive. Practical implication: Diverse revenue streams (beyond tourism, including a residential estate, livestock venture and philanthropy) enabled Enonkishu to withstand the pressures of COVID‐19. Livestock is crucial for defining the vision of the conservancy, and the institutions and governance that underpin it