Estimating the spatial position of marine mammals based on digital camera recordings

Estimating the spatial position of organisms is essential to quantify interactions between the organism and the characteristics of its surroundings, for example, predator–prey interactions, habitat selection, and social associations. Because marine mammals spend most of their time under water and may appear at the surface only briefly, determining their exact geographic location can be challenging. Here, we developed a photogrammetric method to accurately estimate the spatial position of marine mammals or birds at the sea surface. Digital recordings containing landscape features with known geographic coordinates can be used to estimate the distance and bearing of each sighting relative to the observation point. The method can correct for frame rotation, estimates pixel size based on the reference points, and can be applied to scenarios with and without a visible horizon. A set of R functions was written to process the images and obtain accurate geographic coordinates for each sighting. The method is applied to estimate the spatiotemporal fine-scale distribution of harbour porpoises in a tidal inlet. Video recordings of harbour porpoises were made from land, using a standard digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera, positioned at a height of 9.59 m above mean sea level. Porpoises were detected up to a distance of ~3136 m (mean 596 m), with a mean location error of 12 m. The method presented here allows for multiple detections of different individuals within a single video frame and for tracking movements of individuals based on repeated sightings. In comparison with traditional methods, this method only requires a digital camera to provide accurate location estimates. It especially has great potential in regions with ample data on local (a)biotic conditions, to help resolve functional mechanisms underlying habitat selection and other behaviors in marine mammals in coastal areas

Genetic population structure of harbour seals in the United Kingdom and neighbouring waters

Natural Environment Research Council (GrantNumber(s): SMRU1001; Grant recipient(s): Ailsa Hall)1.  In the United Kingdom (UK), several harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) populations have been declining over the past decade. In order to understand the effect of these changes in abundance, this study seeks to determine the population structure of harbour seals in the UK, and in Scotland in particular, on a wider and finer spatial scale than has previously been reported. 2.  Harbour seals were genotyped from 18 different localities throughout the UK and neighbouring localities in mainland Europe, at 12 microsatellite loci. Results from Bayesian and frequency based tests of population structure suggested an initial structural division into two main groups consisting of localities in northern UK and southern UK-mainland Europe, respectively. 3.  These two clusters were further divided into four geographically distinct genetic clusters. 4.  An overall agreement between the genetic results and the existing management areas for UK harbour seals was observed, but it is also clear that an adaptive management approach should be adopted, in which the delineation of the current management areas is maintained until further genetic and ecological information has been accumulated and analysed.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Integrating biogeochemistry and ecology into ocean data assimilation systems

Monitoring and predicting the biogeochemical state of the ocean and marine ecosystems is an important application of operational oceanography that needs to be expanded. The accurate depiction of the ocean's physical environment enabled by Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) systems, in both real-time and reanalysis modes, is already valuable for various for various applications, such as the fishing industry and fisheries management. However, most of these applications require accurate estimates of both physical and biogeochemical ocean conditions over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. In this paper, we discuss recent developments that enable coupling new biogeochemical models and assimilation components with the existing GODAE systems, and we examine the potential of such systems in several areas of interest: phytoplankton biomass monitoring in the open ocean, ocean carbon cycle monitoring and assessment, marine ecosystem management at seasonal and longer time scales, and downscaling in coastal areas. A number of key requirements and research priorities are then identified for the future, GODAE systems will need to improve their representation of physical variables that are not yet considered essential, such as upper-ocean vertical fluxes that are critically important to biological activity. Further, the observing systems will need to be expanded in terms of in situ platforms (with intensified deployments of sensors for O-2 and chlorophyll, and inclusion of new sensors for nutrients, zooplankton, micronekton biomass, and others), satellite missions (e.g., hyperspectral instruments for ocean color, lidar systems for mixed-layer depths, and wide-swath altimeters for coastal sea level), and improved methods to assimilate these new measurements

Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Seal Influenza A(H10N7) Virus in Harbor Seals and Gray Seals from the Netherlands

In the spring and summer 2014, an outbreak of seal influenza A(H10N7) virus infection occurred among harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) off the coasts of Sweden and Denmark. This virus subsequently spread to harbor seals off the coasts of Germany and the Netherlands. While thousands of seals were reported dead in Sweden, Denmark and Germany, only a limited number of seals were found dead in the Netherlands. To determine the extent of exposure of seals in the Netherlands to influenza A/H10N7 virus, we measured specific antibody titers in serum samples from live-captured seals and seals admitted for rehabilitation in the Netherlands by use of a hemagglutination inhibition assay and an ELISA. In harbor seals in 2015, antibodies against seal influenza A(H10N7) virus were detected in 41% (32 out of 78) pups, 10% (5 out of 52) weaners, and 58% (7 out of 12) subadults or adults. In gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) in 2015, specific antibodies were not found i

MSC ZOE: mogelijke effecten van de verloren containers op zeehonden

Begin januari 2019 heeft het containerschip MSC ZOE door een storm meer dan 300 containers verloren ten noorden van de Waddeneilanden. De verloren containers waren beladen met een variatie aan goederen, waaronder ook plastic onderdelen en plastic pellets (basismateriaal voor de plasticindustrie). Om een eerste indruk te krijgen van mogelijk overlast die zeehonden kunnen hebben ondervonden van de verloren lading, is de doodsoorzaak en het verteringsstelsel van vijftien dood aangespoelde zeehonden onderzocht. Ook is er gekeken naar de geregistreerde strandingen van dode dieren in Noord-Nederland, door Ecomare, EHBZ en RTZ. Het aantal gemelde strandingen van dode gewone en grijze zeehonden is toegenomen in 2019, het jaar na het incident met de MSC ZOE. De strandingsgegevens worden niet nationaal beheerd waardoor er fouten, zoals duplicaten en inconsequente leeftijdscategorieën zijn toegewezen. Daarnaast is in deze strandingsgegevens geen correctie voor de groei van de zeehondenpopulatie toegepast. Twee van de vijftien zeehonden zijn waarschijnlijk omgekomen doordat deze in aanraking gekomen zijn met een voorwerp in het water. Of het een voorwerp betreft dat afkomstig is geweest van de MSC ZOE, was niet te achterhalen. Daarnaast kan, door het ontbreken van een monitoringsprogramma, niet achterhaald worden of de sterfte van zeehonden verhoogd is ten opzichte van voor het incident. In het verteringsstelsel van de zeehonden zijn geen plastics aangetroffen die direct of via hun dieet zijn binnengekomen. Van de vissoorten, waarvan resten gevonden zijn in de magen en darmen, is in literatuur te vinden dat daar plastics kunnen worden aangetroffen. Op basis van deze gegevens is geen indicatie gevonden dat zeehonden overlast hebben ondervonden van de verloren lading van de MSC ZOE. Daarbij moeten drie kanttekeningen gemaakt worden: 1) Vijftien zeehonden is een te laag aantal om harde conclusies aan te verbinden. 2) Een nationaal gecontroleerd en gemanaged registratiesysteem voor dode zeehonden ontbreekt, en het is voor deze maar ook voor volgende projecten raadzaam om hierin te investeren. 3) Door het ontbreken van een monitoringsprogramma voor het achterhalen van de doodsoorzaak van overleden zeehonden en het bekijken van de hoeveelheid plastics, is niet te zeggen of de bevindingen afwijken van normaal