79 research outputs found
Ein so gespenstisches Wissen
Meine Arbeit ist im weiteren Kontext der literatur- bzw. kulturwissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung mit dem VerhĂ€ltnis von Literatur und Wissen/Wissenschaft angesiedelt. Sie beschĂ€ftigt sich mit der Beziehung zwischen dem literarischen Naturalismus und einer modernen Anthropologie, wie sie durch den Darwinismus erarbeitet und propagiert wurde. Ihr Zentrum bildet die Erarbeitung eines narrativen Schemas, das ich in Anlehnung an Northrop Frye den âMythos der Genealogieâ nenne. Er fungiert als Gelenkstelle und Vermittlungsinstanz, durch die das darwinistische Wissen vom Menschen und das Drama des Naturalismus aufeinander beziehbar werden und zwar jenseits einer bloĂen Motiv-, Wiederspiegelungs- oder Einflussforschung. Die Besprechung und Analyse von Darwins Entstehung der Arten dient als Ausgangspunkt und Vorbereitung der Diskussion von anthropologischen Texten des Darwinismus (Haeckels NatĂŒrliche Schöpfungsgeschichte, Huxleys Zeugnisse fĂŒr die Stellung des Menschen in der Natur und Darwins Die Abstammung des Menschen), in denen ein Bild vom Menschen gezeichnet wird, das ihn radikal dadurch von sich selbst entfremdete, dass das Tier zum Teil der menschlichen Geschichte wurde. Dies ist der Grundgedanke der darwinistischen Anthropologie, darwinistische Anthropologien sind, indem sie die Genealogie des Menschen erzĂ€hlen, idealiter seine narrative Entfaltung. Aber was die Wissenschaft aus verschiedenen GrĂŒnden nur in AnsĂ€tzen leisten konnte, das sollte in modifizierter Form zu einem bestimmenden Topos der Literatur der zweiten HĂ€lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts werden. Die Dissoziation, die der Mensch durch das Tier erleidet, erleiden auch, wenngleich nicht durch dieses, sondern durch familiĂ€re, gleichwohl genealogische Beziehungen, Figuren der Literatur. Die Frage nach den Konsequenzen, die eine Implementierung des anthropologischen Wissens des Darwinismus in die Literatur â ĂŒber den genealogischen Mythos â fĂŒr Form und Struktur des Dramas nach sich zieht, wird abschlieĂend an Henrik Ibsens Gespenstern und Gerhart Hauptmanns Vor Sonnenaufgang erlĂ€utert.My thesis is situated in the broader context of the discussion of the intersection between literature and science in literary and cultural criticism. More specifically, it is concerned with the relationship between naturalistic literature and Darwinian anthropology. The primary concern of the thesis is the development of a narrative scheme that I call, following Northrop Frye, the genealogical myth. This genealogical myth functions as the medium with the help of which structural parallels between Darwinian knowledge of man and the drama of naturalism can be described. The analysis of Darwinâs On the origin of species serves as the starting point for the discussion of three Darwinian anthropological texts (Haeckelâs NatĂŒrliche Schöpfungsgeschichte, Huxleyâs Manâs place in nature and Darwinâs The descent of man) that propagate a specific image of man. According to this image, man is alienated from himself because he must recognise that the animal is part of his own history. This is the fundamental idea of Darwinian anthropology. Explaining man's genealogy, Darwinian anthropologies present this idea of alienation in the form of a narrative. However, science's attempts at developing this narrative remained insufficient and were supplemented by literary texts. Characters in several naturalistic literary plays suffer from a similar sense of alienation. However, their feeling of alienation is not caused by their relation to animals but by their family relationships. Taking a closer look at Henrik Ibsenâs Ghosts and Gerhart Hauptmannâs Before Sunrise, the final chapter explains the consequences regarding the dramatic form and structure that are entailed by implementing Darwinian anthropological knowledge in literature via the genealogical myth
Lebenswissen
Gerade in Formationsphasen neuer wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen und Forschungsgebiete sind die Austauschbeziehungen zwischen dem Schönen und dem Wahren, zwischen der Literatur und der Wissenschaft besonders intensiv. Zum einen spielen literarische und rhetorische Verfahren in der Produktion des einschlĂ€gigen Wissens eine konstitutive Rolle. Zum anderen beziehen Ă€sthetische Debatten, poetologische Bestimmungen und einzelne literarische Texte wesentliche Impulse aus den emergierenden Wissenschaften. Der vorliegende Band geht diesen Wechselwirkungen am Beispiel des Wissens vom Leben nach, wie es sich im langen 19. Jahrhundert entwickelt hat. Damals konstituierte sich das Leben allererst als epistemisches Objekt, und es wurde in der Literatur und Ăsthetik nicht weniger thematisiert, bearbeitet und reflektiert als in der Wissenschaft, insbesondere in der aufkommenden Biologie. Die hier versammelten BeitrĂ€ge analysieren jenes weitverzweigte und spannungsvolle Feld des Lebenswissens unter besonderer BerĂŒcksichtigung der Dynamisierungstendenzen, die die moderne Vorstellung dessen, was Leben eigentlich sei, maĂgeblich prĂ€gen
Nematic Fluctuations in Iron-Oxychalcogenide Mott Insulators
Nematic fluctuations occur in a wide range of physical systems from liquid
crystals to biological molecules to solids such as exotic magnets, cuprates and
iron-based high- superconductors. Nematic fluctuations are thought to be
closely linked to the formation of Cooper-pairs in iron-based superconductors.
It is unclear whether the anisotropy inherent in this nematicity arises from
electronic spin or orbital degrees of freedom. We have studied the iron-based
Mott insulators LaOFeO = (S, Se) which are
structurally similar to the iron pnictide superconductors. They are also in
close electronic phase diagram proximity to the iron pnictides. Nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed a critical slowing down of nematic
fluctuations as observed by the spin-lattice relaxation rate (). This is
complemented by the observation of a change of electrical field gradient over a
similar temperature range using M\"ossbauer spectroscopy. The neutron pair
distribution function technique applied to the nuclear structure reveals the
presence of local nematic fluctuations over a wide temperature range
while neutron diffraction indicates that global symmetry is preserved.
Theoretical modeling of a geometrically frustrated spin- Heisenberg model
with biquadratic and single-ion anisotropic terms provides the interpretation
of magnetic fluctuations in terms of hidden quadrupolar spin fluctuations.
Nematicity is closely linked to geometrically frustrated magnetism, which
emerges from orbital selectivity. The results highlight orbital order and spin
fluctuations in the emergence of nematicity in Fe-based oxychalcogenides. The
detection of nematic fluctuation within these Mott insulator expands the group
of iron-based materials that show short-range symmetry-breaking
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Nematic fluctuations in iron-oxychalcogenide Mott insulators
Nematic fluctuations occur in a wide range physical systems from biological molecules to cuprates and iron pnictide high-Tc superconductors. It is unclear whether nematicity in pnictides arises from electronic spin or orbital degrees of freedom. We studied the iron-based Mott insulators La2O2Fe2OM2Mâ=â(S, Se), which are structurally similar to pnictides. Nuclear magnetic resonance revealed a critical slowing down of nematic fluctuations and complementary Mössbauerr spectroscopy data showed a change of electrical field gradient. The neutron pair distribution function technique detected local C2 fluctuations while neutron diffraction indicates that global C4 symmetry is preserved. A geometrically frustrated Heisenberg model with biquadratic and single-ion anisotropic terms provides the interpretation of the low temperature magnetic fluctuations. The nematicity is not due to spontaneous orbital order, instead it is linked to geometrically frustrated magnetism based on orbital selectivity. This study highlights the interplay between orbital order and spin fluctuations in nematicity
Postwachstum und Raumentwicklung : DenkanstöĂe fĂŒr Wissenschaft und Praxis
Dieses von Mitgliedern des Arbeitskreises "Postwachstumsökonomien" (2016 - 2020) der ARL verfasste Positionspapier ordnet die internationale Postwachstumsdebatte ein und diskutiert ihre Relevanz fĂŒr die Raumentwicklung und die raumwissenschaftliche Forschung. Neben sektoralen ZugĂ€ngen und Befunden werden konkrete VorschlĂ€ge zur Postwachstumsorientierung in Planung, Forschung und Lehre gemacht. Dabei wird zwischen kurzfristig erreichbaren VerĂ€nderungen und mittel- bis langfristig auszulegenden MaĂnahmen unterschieden
Late Quaternary sea-level change and early human societies in the central and eastern Mediterranean Basin : an interdisciplinary review
This article reviews key data and debates focused on relative sea-level changes since the Last Interglacial (approximately the last 132,000 years) in the Mediterranean Basin, and their implications for past human populations. Geological and geomorphological landscape studies are critical to archaeology. Coastal regions provide a wide range of resources to the populations that inhabit them. Coastal landscapes are increasingly the focus of scholarly discussions from the earliest exploitation of littoral resources and early hominin cognition, to the inundation of the earliest permanently settled fishing villages and eventually, formative centres of urbanisation. In the Mediterranean, these would become hubs of maritime transportation that gave rise to the roots of modern seaborne trade. As such, this article represents an original review of both the geo-scientific and archaeological data that specifically relate to sea-level changes and resulting impacts on both physical and cultural landscapes from the Palaeolithic until the emergence of the Classical periods. Our review highlights that the interdisciplinary links between coastal archaeology, geomorphology and sea-level changes are important to explain environmental impacts on coastal human societies and human migration. We review geological indicators of sea level and outline how archaeological features are commonly used as proxies for measuring past sea levels, both gradual changes and catastrophic events. We argue that coastal archaeologists should, as a part of their analyses, incorporate important sea-level concepts, such as indicative meaning. The interpretation of the indicative meaning of Roman fishtanks, for example, plays a critical role in reconstructions of late Holocene Mediterranean sea levels. We identify avenues for future work, which include the consideration of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) in addition to coastal tectonics to explain vertical movements of coastlines, more research on Palaeolithic island colonisation, broadening of Palaeolithic studies to include materials from the entire coastal landscape and not just coastal resources, a focus on rescue of archaeological sites under threat by coastal change, and expansion of underwater archaeological explorations in combination with submarine geomorphology. This article presents a collaborative synthesis of data, some of which have been collected and analysed by the authors, as the MEDFLOOD (MEDiterranean sea-level change and projection for future FLOODing) community, and highlights key sites, data, concepts and ongoing debates
Coulomb dissociation of 16O into 4He and 12C
We measured the Coulomb dissociation of 16O into 4He and 12C at the R3B setup in a first campaign within FAIR Phase 0 at GSI Helmholtzzentrum fĂŒr Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt. The goal was to improve the accuracy of the experimental data for the 12C(a,?)16O fusion reaction and to reach lower center-ofmass energies than measured so far. The experiment required beam intensities of 109 16O ions per second at an energy of 500 MeV/nucleon. The rare case of Coulomb breakup into 12C and 4He posed another challenge: The magnetic rigidities of the particles are so close because of the same mass-To-charge-number ratio A/Z = 2 for 16O, 12C and 4He. Hence, radical changes of the R3B setup were necessary. All detectors had slits to allow the passage of the unreacted 16O ions, while 4He and 12C would hit the detectors' active areas depending on the scattering angle and their relative energies. We developed and built detectors based on organic scintillators to track and identify the reaction products with sufficient precision
Familie erzÀhlen
Nur wenige WissensgegenstĂ€nde haben im 19. Jahrhundert eine Ă€hnliche Auseinandersetzung erfahren wie die biologische Vererbung. Dabei ist Vererbung nicht nur ein zentrales Konzept innerhalb der Evolutionsbiologie, der Psychiatrie, der sozialen Hygiene und der historischen Hilfswissenschaft der Genealogie, sondern sie steht auch am Anfang eines modernen Begriffs der Familie und einer modernen Form des familialen ErzĂ€hlens. Anhand der Analyse von PrimĂ€rquellen aus den genannten Disziplinen und zahlreicher literarischer Texte â von Theodor Storm bis Thomas Mann â will diese Arbeit zeigen, dass die Geschichte der bĂŒrgerlichen Familie auf intrikate Weise mit dem naturwissenschaftlichen Wissen ĂŒber Vererbung verschrĂ€nkt ist und dass dieses Wissen Geburtshelfer fĂŒr eine genuin bĂŒrgerliche Familiengeschichtsschreibung gewesen ist
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