505 research outputs found
Influence of damping on the vanishing of the electro-optic effect in chiral isotropic media
Using first principles, it is demonstrated that radiative damping alone
cannot lead to a nonvanishing electro-optic effect in a chiral isotropic
medium. This conclusion is in contrast with that obtained by a calculation in
which damping effects are included using the standard phenomenological model.
We show that these predictions differ because the phenomenological damping
equations are valid only in regions where the frequencies of the applied
electromagnetic fields are nearly resonant with the atomic transitions. We also
show that collisional damping can lead to a nonvanishing electrooptic effect,
but with a strength sufficiently weak that it is unlikely to be observable
under realistic laboratory conditions
Influence of radiative damping on the optical-frequency susceptibility
Motivated by recent discussions concerning the manner in which damping
appears in the electric polarizability, we show that (a) there is a dependence
of the nonresonant contribution on the damping and that (b) the damping enters
according to the "opposite sign prescription." We also discuss the related
question of how the damping rates in the polarizability are related to
energy-level decay rates
Estimates of hypolimnetic oxygen deficits in ponds
Shallow tropical integrated culture ponds in the Pearl River Delta, China, have been found to stratify almost daily, with high organic loadings and dense algal growth. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is super-saturated in the epilimnion and is under 2 mg/l in the hypolimnion (>1m). The compensation depth corresponds to twice the Secchi disk depth ranging from 50 to 80cm. As a result, little or no net oxygen is produced in the hypolimnion (>1m). The low DO concentration in the hypolimnion causes organic materials, such as unused organic wastes and senescent algae cells, to be incompletely oxidized, since the rate of oxygen consumption by oxidable matter in water is dependent on the dissolved oxygen concentration in water. This material becomes the source of hypolimnetic oxygen deficits (HOD) which can drive whole pond DO to a dangerously low level, should sudden destratification occur. An improved estimate of hypolimnetic oxygen deficits is introduced in this article, and the advantages of this method are discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72126/1/j.1365-2109.1989.tb00341.x.pd
Chiral Restoration in Hot and/or Dense Matter
Chiral restoration phase transition in hot and/or dense hadronic matter is
discussed in terms of the BR scaling based on chiral symmetry and scale anomaly
of QCD. The precise connection between the scalar field that figures in the
trace anomaly and the sigma field that figures in the linear model is
established. It is suggested that in hot and/or dense medium, the nonlinear
model linearizes with the help of a dilaton to a linear model
with medium-renormalized constants. The relevance of Georgi's vector symmetry
and/or Weinberg's ``mended symmetry" in chiral restoration is pointed out. Some
striking consequences for relativistic heavy-ion collisions and dense matter in
compact stars following stellar collapse are discussed.Comment: 66 pages, Latex, 19 figures (not included, available on request),
Prepared for Physics Report
Effects of in-medium vector meson masses on low-mass dileptons from SPS heavy-ion collisions
Using a relativistic transport model to describe the expansion of the
fire-cylinder formed in the initial stage of heavy-ion collisions at SPS/CERN
energies, we study the production of dileptons with mass below about 1 GeV from
these collisions. The initial hadron abundance and their momentum distributions
in the fire-cylinder are determined by following the general features of the
results from microscopic models based on the string dynamics and further
requiring that the final proton and pion spectra and rapidity distributions are
in agreement with available experimental data. For dilepton production, we
include the Dalitz decay of , , , and
mesons, the direct decay of primary , and mesons, and
the pion-pion annihilation that proceeds through the meson, the
pion-rho annihilation that proceeds through the meson, and the
kaon-antikaon annihilation that proceeds through the meson. We find that
the modification of vector meson properties, especially the decrease of their
mass due to the partial restoration of chiral symmetry, in hot and dense
hadronic matter, provides a quantitative explanation of the recently observed
enhancement of low-mass dileptons by the CERES collaboration in central S+Au
collisions and by the HELIOS-3 collaboration in central S+W collisions.Comment: 46 pages, LaTeX, figures available from [email protected], to appear
in Nucl. Phys.
On the Generation of Positivstellensatz Witnesses in Degenerate Cases
One can reduce the problem of proving that a polynomial is nonnegative, or
more generally of proving that a system of polynomial inequalities has no
solutions, to finding polynomials that are sums of squares of polynomials and
satisfy some linear equality (Positivstellensatz). This produces a witness for
the desired property, from which it is reasonably easy to obtain a formal proof
of the property suitable for a proof assistant such as Coq. The problem of
finding a witness reduces to a feasibility problem in semidefinite programming,
for which there exist numerical solvers. Unfortunately, this problem is in
general not strictly feasible, meaning the solution can be a convex set with
empty interior, in which case the numerical optimization method fails.
Previously published methods thus assumed strict feasibility; we propose a
workaround for this difficulty. We implemented our method and illustrate its
use with examples, including extractions of proofs to Coq.Comment: To appear in ITP 201
Context Is Everything Sociality and Privacy in Online Social Network Sites
International audienceSocial Network Sites (SNSs) pose many privacy issues. Apart from the fact that privacy in an online social network site may sound like an oxymoron, significant privacy issues are caused by the way social structures are currently handled in SNSs. Conceptually different social groups are generally conflated into the singular notion of 'friend'. This chapter argues that attention should be paid to the social dynamics of SNSs and the way people handle social contexts. It shows that SNS technology can be designed to support audience segregation, which should mitigate at least some of the privacy issues in Social Network Sites
Propionic acid promotes the virulent phenotype of Crohn's disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli
Propionic acid (PA) is a bacterium-derived intestinal antimicrobial and immune modulator used widely in food production and agriculture. Passage of Crohn’s disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) through a murine model, in which intestinal PA levels are increased to mimic the human intestine, leads to the recovery of AIEC with significantly increased virulence. Similar phenotypic changes are observed outside the murine model when AIEC is grown in culture with PA as the sole carbon source; such PA exposure also results in AIEC that persists at 20-fold higher levels in vivo. RNA sequencing identifies an upregulation of genes involved in biofilm formation, stress response, metabolism, membrane integrity, and alternative carbon source utilization. PA exposure also increases virulence in a number of E. coli isolates from Crohn’s disease patients. Removal of PA is sufficient to reverse these phenotypic changes. Our data indicate that exposure to PA results in AIEC resistance and increased virulence in its presence
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