Robot therapy for functional recovery of the upper limbs: a pilot study on patients after stroke.

Objective: To verify the possibility of administering robotaided therapy for the upper limbs in patients after stroke; to evaluate patients' degree of acceptance and compliance with the treatment; to establish if the treatment has an effect on motor impairment and functional outcome. Design: Quasi-experimental, uncontrolled study. Subjects: Fourteen patients with chronic hemiparesis after stroke. Methods: Patients were treated with a robotic system for the upper limbs (ReoGo TM ; Motorika Medical Ltd, Israel). Subjects performed the following assessment, at the start (T0), at the end of treatment (T1), and at the follow-up performed one month after the end of treatment (T2): Fugl-Meyer test (FM) for upper limbs; strength evaluation; Ashworth scale; visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain; Frenchay Arm test (FAT); Box and Block test (BB Functional Independence Measure (FIM TM ); ABILHAND Questionnaire; Timed Up and Go test (TUG); Euro-Quality of Life questionnaire and; a VAS for treatment satisfaction were administered to the subjects. Results: Total scores of FM, B&B, FAT and FIM TM showed a statistically significant improvement from T0 and T1 (FM p < 0.002, B&B p < 0.012, FAT p < 0.023, FIM TM p < 0.007) and from T0 and T2 (FM p < 0.003, B&B p < 0.011, FAT p < 0.024, FIM p < 0.027). No statistically significant differences were found between evaluations at T1 and T2 (FM p < 0.595, B&B p < 0.491, FAT p < 0.317, FIM p < 0.180). Conclusion: The sample was capable of completing the treatment and demonstrated good participant satisfaction. This pilot study led to the finding of a clinical improvement and excellent patient compliance. It can be hypothesized that the results are robot-dependent and that they were learned and then maintained. However, the study is limited in that a control group was not used. As such, it is desirable to continue this study with a control group, as well as by designing a prospective longitudinal randomized controlled trial study

BIOTECNOLOGIA NO BRASIL: REFLEXÕES E PERSPECTIVAS

Nowadays, biotechnology is present of a very clear way.Discussions realized by different sectors of society involved from food anddrugs until cloning of mammals. But to what extent some comments aretrue? This interview aims to clarify some of these facts, contextualizing theresearch in biotechnology developed in Brazil and the interactionsScience/Technology/Society (STS) involved in this issue, contributing to thediscussion about some questions. The Advanced School of Biotechnology(EAB), an initiative undertaken by the Physics Institute of S&atilde;o Carlos, ofthe University of S&atilde;o Paulo (IFSC/USP) is also presented as a strategy forthe scientific dissemination of the theme for students of high school.A biotecnologia se faz presente de uma maneira muitoevidente na atualidade. Discuss&otilde;es realizadas por diferentes setores dasociedade abarcam alimentos, f&aacute;rmacos at&eacute; clonagem de mam&iacute;feros. Masem que medida tais coment&aacute;rios s&atilde;o verdadeiros? Esta entrevista objetivao esclarecimento de alguns desses fatos, contextualizando o panorama dapesquisa em biotecnologia desenvolvida no Brasil e as intera&ccedil;&otilde;es Ci&ecirc;ncia/Tecnologia/Sociedade (CTS) envolvidas na abordagem dessa tem&aacute;tica,contribuindo para o debate acerca de algumas quest&otilde;es. A EAB (EscolaAvan&ccedil;ada de Biotecnologia), iniciativa empreendida pelo Instituto de F&iacute;sicade S&atilde;o Carlos, da Universidade de S&atilde;o Paulo (IFSC/USP)2 tamb&eacute;m &eacute; apresentada como estrat&eacute;gia de divulga&ccedil;&atilde;o cient&iacute;fica do tema para alunosdo Ensino M&eacute;dio

Production system and seasonal effects on textural properties of two-month ripened goat's cheese

Since the 1990s, there has been a revival in goat rearing and a resumption in the making of goat’s cheeses in the Province of Trento. Given this, and the local interest in maintaining the production and its traditions, a qualitative description of the goat’s cheeses is desirable. In this study, texture profile analysis, TPA, was used to examine the variability of the rheological properties, depending on production system and season, in raw milk semicooked paste goat’s cheese, ripened for two months, as the Trento Goat Cheese of Traditional Agrifood Products (D.M. n. 350, 1999)

cost of walking exertional dyspnoea and fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis not requiring assistive devices

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Tailoring the CRISPR system to transactivate coagulation gene promoters in normal and mutated contexts

Engineered transcription factors (TF)have expanded our ability to modulate gene expression and hold great promise as bio-therapeutics. The first-generation TF, based on Zinc Fingers or Transcription-Activator-like Effectors (TALE), required complex and time-consuming assembly protocols, and were indeed replaced in recent years by the CRISPR activation (CRISPRa)technology. Here, with coagulation F7/F8 gene promoters as models, we exploited a CRISPRa system based on deactivated (d)Cas9, fused with a transcriptional activator (VPR), which is driven to its target by a single guide (sg)RNA. Reporter gene assays in hepatoma cells identified a sgRNA (sgRNA F7.5 )triggering a ~35-fold increase in the activity of F7 promoter, either wild-type, or defective due to the c.-61T>G mutation. The effect was higher (~15-fold)than that of an engineered TALE-TF (TF4)targeting the same promoter region. Noticeably, when challenged on the endogenous F7 gene, the dCas9-VPR/sgRNA F7.5 combination was more efficient (~6.5-fold)in promoting factor VII (FVII)protein secretion/activity than TF4 (~3.8-fold). The approach was translated to the promoter of F8, whose reduced expression causes hemophilia A. Reporter gene assays in hepatic and endothelial cells identified sgRNAs that, respectively, appreciably increased F8 promoter activity (sgRNA F8.1 , ~8-fold and 3-fold; sgRNA F8.2 , ~19-fold and 2-fold)with synergistic effects (~38-fold and 2.7-fold). Since modest increases in F7/F8 expression would ameliorate patients' phenotype, the CRISPRa-mediated transactivation extent might approach the low therapeutic threshold. Through this pioneer study we demonstrated that the CRISPRa system is easily tailorable to increase expression, or rescue disease-causing mutations, of different promoters, with potential intriguing implications for human disease models

Do dairy farming systems differ in antimicrobial use?

The quantitative assessment of antimicrobial use (AMU) in food-producing animals contributes to the provision of essential information for developing relevant and effective policies to reduce use and to control antimicrobial resistance. Information on AMU is available mainly for intensive dairy farming systems and specialized high-yielding breeds. The aim of this study is to investigate AMU in different dairy farming systems by comparing the treatment incidence in mountain farms with specialized high-yield dairy breeds or with dual-purpose breeds raised for milk production to the treatment incidence in lowland farms with specialized high-yield dairy breeds or with dual-purpose breeds raised for milk production. Significant differences were found only between the overall treatment incidence, as well as the treatment incidence of highest-priority critically important antimicrobials for human medicine, in lowland farms with high-yielding breeds and mountain farms with dual-purpose breeds. Mountain farms have a generally lower milk production and smaller herd size than lowland farms, provide cows with access to pasture, and limit concentrates in the diet. These management practices and the use of local/dual-purpose breeds could reduce the risk of production diseases and the consequent need for AMU

Heat stress and feeding behaviour of dairy cows in late lactation

Heat stress is one of the most important problems that dairy cows have to face and the use of cooling systems is becoming more and more important. The first reaction that has the animal to cope with the environmental variations is to modify its behaviour. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of heat stress and a cooling system on the feeding behaviour of Italian Holstein Friesian dairy cows in late lactation. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, eight dairy cows were firstly kept 7 d under thermoneutral condition, and then under mild heat stress (temperature humidity index, THI, ranging between 72 and 78) for others 7 d. The second experiment consisted of 8 dairy cows used in a two-period cross-over design where the treatment was the use or not of a sprinkler system for cooling cows under mild heat stress. Cows were equipped with a noseband pressure sensor able to detect rumination and eating time, number of rumination and eating chews, number of rumination boluses and rumination intensity. Heat stress reduced rumination time, number of rumination chews and boluses (p <.05), and tended to reduce the number of eating chews (p <.10). Cooled cows increased rumination and eating time (p <.05), rumination intensity (p <.01), and the number of rumination and eating chews (p <.05). In conclusion, feeding behaviour was deeply influenced even by mild heat stress, which was effectively improved by the use of a sprinkler system.HIGHLIGHTS Mild heat stress reduced rumination time, number of rumination chews and boluses of dairy cows in late lactation Cooling cows with sprinklers was effective in alleviating heat stress in terms of feeding behaviour

Attitudes of nursing home staff towards influenza vaccination: opinions and factors influencing hesitancy

Seasonal influenza is recognized to be a significant public health problem and a cause of death, especially in fragile persons. In nursing homes (NHs), vaccination for both residents and staff is the best preventive strategy. However, professionals\u2019 immunization rates are far from reaching the international recommended values. This study aims to describe the adherence and attitudes of NH staff towards flu vaccination and to explore staff hesitancy. A questionnaire was developed based on a literature review and on the 3Cs (confidence, complacency, convenience) of the WHO framework and administered among the staff of four NHs of a province in the northeast of Italy. Results demonstrated a low adherence towards annual vaccination (i.e., only 3% declared getting the flu vaccination each year). Complacency, confidence and convenience all showed a significant impact on the attitude towards vaccination both in univariate and multivariable analysis, with complacency being the most strongly associated area. The area of confidence resulted in strongly challenging factors. Only 24.8% of interviewees appeared trustful towards the efficacy of receiving immunization and 34% declared safety issues. Insights from the study can support the implementation of effective interventions to improve vaccination adherence in NHs. Specifically, increasing complacency by raising awareness related to the risks of influenza appears to be an essential strategy to effectively promote vaccination uptake

Systematic review of outcome measures of walking training using electromechanical and robotic devices in patients with stroke

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