Transplante de medula óssea em pediatria e transplante de cordão umbilical

O transplante de medula óssea tem sido utilizado em crianças, no tratamento de um crescente número de doenças hematológicas, malignas ou não, e nos tumores sólidos. A fonte de medula óssea, nesses casos, tem sido, na sua maioria, alogênica, incluindo doador relacionado HLA-idêntico; relacionado com um antígeno HLA diferente; não aparentados, HLAidênticos; ou, em raras circunstâncias, relacionado com dois ou três antígenos HLA diferentes . As células do sangue do cordão umbilical e placentário (SCUP) têm sido consideradas para transplante alogênico, aparentado ou não, com resultados promissores. A relativa facilidade de obtenção, a flexibilidade quanto à compatibilidade HLA entre pacientes e doadores e a possibilidade de armazenamento em bancos de células são alguns dos fatores que têm contribuído para o desenvolvimento da técnica. Os pacientes tratados com tumores sólidos recebem, em sua maioria, transplantes autogênicos de medula ou de células de sangue periférico. As complicações dos transplantes continuam a incluir a toxicidade precoce ou tardia dos regimes de condicionamento, doença de enxerto-contra-hospedeiro aguda e crônica, infecções, imunodeficiência prolongada e recidiva da doença de base. Com o aumento do tempo da sobrevida, principalmente na faixa etária pediátrica, existe uma grande preocupação com os efeitos colaterais tardios, que comprometem os resultados, no que diz respeito à qualidade de vida, alterações orgânicas debilitantes e distúrbios neuropsicossociais incapacitantes. As constantes pesquisas, desenvolvidas nessa área, continuarão a contribuir com métodos que diminuam as complicações pós-transplante, aumentando a sobrevida dos submetidos a transplantes, tanto de forma quantitativa, como qualitativa.Bone marrow transplantation has been used in children for treatment of an increasing number of malignant and benign hematological diseases and of solid tumors. The source of bone marrow for transplantation in most cases is an allogenic donor including related HLA-identical, related one HLA antigen mismatch, non-related HLA-identical or, in rare instances, related with 2 or 3 HLA mismatches. Cells from placenta and cord blood (PCB) have also been considered for related or unrelated allogenic transplantation with promising results. Factors like the relative feasibility of collection, flexibility in regards to HLA compatibility between patients and donors and the possibility of storage in cell banks contribute to the development of cord blood transplantation. Most patients treated for solid tumors receive autologous transplantation from bone marrow or peripheral blood. Complications of transplantation still include early or late toxicity from conditioning regimens, acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease, infections, prolonged immnunodeficiency and relapse of initial disease. Prolongation of survival of transplanted patients, specially in the pediatric population, raises concern about late complications that worsen the results, including poor quality of life, crippling organic and neuropsychosocial disabilities. Ongoing research conducted in this field will contribute continuosly to reduce post-transplant complications, increasing survival, both quantitatively and qualitatively

Effect of a nutritional and behavioral intervention on energy-reduced mediterranean diet adherence among patients with metabolic syndrome: interim analysis of the PREDIMED-Plus randomized clinical trial

Importance: High-quality dietary patterns may help prevent chronic disease, but limited data exist from randomized trials about the effects of nutritional and behavioral interventions on dietary changes. Objective: To assess the effect of a nutritional and physical activity education program on dietary quality. Design, setting, and participants: Preliminary exploratory interim analysis of an ongoing randomized trial. In 23 research centers in Spain, 6874 men and women aged 55 to 75 years with metabolic syndrome and no cardiovascular disease were enrolled in the trial between September 2013 and December 2016, with final data collection in March 2019. Interventions: Participants were randomized to an intervention group that encouraged an energy-reduced Mediterranean diet, promoted physical activity, and provided behavioral support (n = 3406) or to a control group that encouraged an energy-unrestricted Mediterranean diet (n = 3468). All participants received allotments of extra-virgin olive oil (1 L/mo) and nuts (125 g/mo) for free. Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcome was 12-month change in adherence based on the energy-reduced Mediterranean diet (er-MedDiet) score (range, 0-17; higher scores indicate greater adherence; minimal clinically important difference, 1 point). Results: Among 6874 randomized participants (mean [SD] age, 65.0 [4.9] years; 3406 [52%] men), 6583 (96%) completed the 12-month follow-up and were included in the main analysis. The mean (SD) er-MedDiet score was 8.5 (2.6) at baseline and 13.2 (2.7) at 12 months in the intervention group (increase, 4.7 [95% CI, 4.6-4.8]) and 8.6 (2.7) at baseline and 11.1 (2.8) at 12 months in the control group (increase, 2.5 [95% CI, 2.3-2.6]) (between-group difference, 2.2 [95% CI, 2.1-2.4]; P < .001). Conclusions and relevance: In this preliminary analysis of an ongoing trial, an intervention that encouraged an energy-reduced Mediterranean diet and physical activity, compared with advice to follow an energy-unrestricted Mediterranean diet, resulted in a significantly greater increase in diet adherence after 12 months. Further evaluation of long-term cardiovascular effects is needed. Trial registration: isrctn.com Identifier: ISRCTN89898870.This work was supported by the European Research Council (Advanced Research grant 2014-2019; agreement #340918; granted to Dr Martínez-González); the official Spanish institutions for funding scientific biomedical research, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is cofunded by the European Regional Development Fund (coordinated FIS projects led by Drs Salas-Salvadó and Vidal, including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI14/00972, PI14/00728, PI14/01471, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926, PI19/00957, PI19/00386, PI19/00309, PI19/01032, PI19/00576, PI19/00017, PI19/01226, PI19/00781, PI19/01560, PI19/01332) and the Especial Action Project “Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensivasobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus” (Dr Salas-Salvadó); the Recercaixa (grant number 2013ACUP00194) (Dr Salas-Salvadó); the SEMERGEN grant; International Nut and Dried Fruit Council–FESNAD (Long-term effects of an energy-restricted Mediterranean diet on mortality and cardiovascular disease 2014 –2015; No. 201302) (Dr Martinez-Gonzalez); the AstraZeneca Young Investigators Award in Category of Obesity and T2D 2017 (Dr Romaguera); grants from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013; PS0358/2016; PI0137/2018), the PROMETEO/2017/017 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana, the SEMERGEN grant; grant of support to research groups 35/2011 (Balearic Islands Gov; FEDER funds) (Drs Tur and Bouzas)