Is Bigger Better? Corpus and Dictionary Use in the Search for Compounds, Collocations, Derived Forms and Fixed Expressions

In the course of the development of a bilingual dictionary, a number of monolingual source language and target language dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, and text corpora are typically used as tools to create entries. When dealing with words that occur at a high frequency in the corpus, determining which collocations, compounds, derived forms and fixed expressions are to be included in the dictionary is an additional complication. This paper presents the relative merits of using dictionary and corpus sources for searching for this type of information. We present frequency searching as an efficient and useful tool for corpus analysis, especially in the case of high-frequency words.La création d’entrées dans le cadre de l’élaboration d’un dictionnaire bilingue mobilise habituellement des dictionnaires unilingues dans les langues source et cible, des dictionnaires bilingues ainsi que des corpus textuels. En outre, la fréquence élevée de certains mots dans le corpus impose une sélection des collocations, des mots composés, des formes dérivées et des expressions figées à inclure dans le dictionnaire. Le présent article offre un aperçu des avantages découlant de la combinaison de l’usage des sources dictionnairiques et des corpus de données. Nous proposons que la recherche par fréquence est un paramètre particulièrement utile pour résoudre les difficultés posées par l’étude de mots présents dans le corpus à une fréquence élevée

Restauration du manuscrit Mexicain 374 de la Bibliothèque nationale de France : découverte d’une glose

À la faveur du prêt du manuscrit Mexicain 374 conservé à la Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) à une exposition temporaire, le document a fait l’objet d’une restauration complète. Le retrait de la toile sur laquelle le document était collé a permis de redécouvrir au verso de celui-ci une glose sans doute de l’auteur de l’inventaire des collections confisquées de Lorenzo Boturini. Le nettoyage du manuscrit a également permis de raviver ses couleurs faisant apparaître l’usage de rehauts dorés passés jusque-là inaperçus.When the manuscript Mexicain 374, housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), was loaned to a temporary exhibition, the manuscript underwent a complete restoration. The removal of the canvas on which the document was glued made it possible to rediscover on the back of the document a gloss, probably by the author of the inventory of Lorenzo Boturini’s confiscated collections. The cleaning of the document also allowed the original colors of the manuscript to be revived, for which the scribes adopted a golden color.Cuando el manuscrito Mexicain 374 de la Biblioteca nacional de Francia (BnF) fue prestado para una exposición temporal, dicho manuscrito fue sometido a una restauración completa. La retirada del lienzo sobre el que estaba pegado el documento permitió descubrir una glosa en su reverso, probablemente del autor del inventario de las colecciones confiscadas de Lorenzo Boturini. La limpieza del documento también permitió recuperar los colores originales del manuscrito y la utilización de realces dorados que hasta ahora habían pasado desapercibidos

An Adjuvanted Polyprotein HIV-1 Vaccine Induces Polyfunctional Cross-Reactive CD4+ T Cell Responses in Seronegative Volunteers

A novel AS01-adjuvanted HIV-1 vaccine candidate consisting of a recombinant fusion protein (F4) containing 4 HIV-1 clade B antigens (Gag p24, Pol reverse transcriptase [RT], Nef and Gag p17) induced long-lasting, polyfunctional cross-reactive CD4+ T-cell responses in HIV-seronegative volunteers

Beyond the ‘East-West’ dichotomy: global variation in cultural models of selfhood

Markus and Kitayama’s (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama’s predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts

MicroRNA and Target Protein Patterns Reveal Physiopathological Features of Glioma Subtypes

Gliomas such as oligodendrogliomas (ODG) and glioblastomas (GBM) are brain tumours with different clinical outcomes. Histology-based classification of these tumour types is often difficult. Therefore the first aim of this study was to gain microRNA data that can be used as reliable signatures of oligodendrogliomas and glioblastomas. We investigated the levels of 282 microRNAs using membrane-array hybridisation and real-time PCR in ODG, GBM and control brain tissues. In comparison to these control tissues, 26 deregulated microRNAs were identified in tumours and the tissue levels of seven microRNAs (miR-21, miR-128, miR-132, miR-134, miR-155, miR-210 and miR-409-5p) appropriately discriminated oligodendrogliomas from glioblastomas. Genomic, epigenomic and host gene expression studies were conducted to investigate the mechanisms involved in these deregulations. Another aim of this study was to better understand glioma physiopathology looking for targets of deregulated microRNAs. We discovered that some targets of these microRNAs such as STAT3, PTBP1 or SIRT1 are differentially expressed in gliomas consistent with deregulation of microRNA expression. Moreover, MDH1, the target of several deregulated microRNAs, is repressed in glioblastomas, making an intramitochondrial-NAD reduction mediated by the mitochondrial aspartate-malate shuttle unlikely. Understanding the connections between microRNAs and bioenergetic pathways in gliomas may lead to identification of novel therapeutic targets

Clinique traumatique et résonances corporelles chez le thérapeute

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Speciation of uranium in plants upon root accumulation and root-to-shoot translocation: A XAS and TEM study

International audienceUranium mobilization in surface waters and soils is highly dependent on its speciation. Links between U speciation and in planta mobility remain unclear, although understanding this relationship is essential in a view to properly develop efficient phytoremediation strategies. To address this question, we used X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine U speciation and distribution in plant roots and leaves when exposed to U in the form of different chemical species. Our results indicate that U complexation with endogenous phosphate residues leads to its precipitation and fixation in plant organs, avoiding translocation from roots to leaves. We also show that complexation with a strong ligand such as citrate in exposure solution circumvents this precipitation, and enhances root-to-shoot translocation, in a U-carboxylate complex form. These results highlight correlations between U speciation in the environment and its mobility pattern in plants, which would help for phytoremediation purposes. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Modeling and Personalized Medicine

International audiencePrimary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare and heterogeneous genetic disorder that affects the structure and function of motile cilia. In the airway epithelium, impaired ciliary motion results in reduced or absent mucociliary clearance that leads to the appearance of chronic airway infection, sinusitis and bronchiectasis. Currently, there is no effective treatment for PCD, and research is limited by the lack of convenient models to study this disease and investigate innovative therapies. Furthermore, the high heterogeneity of PCD genotypes is likely to hinder the development of a single therapy for all patients. The generation of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and their differentiation into airway epithelium as well as genome editing technologies could represent major tools for in vitro PCD modelling and for developing personalized therapies. Here, we review PCD pathogenesis, and then discuss how human iPSC could be used to model this disease for the development of innovative patient-specific biotherapies

Generation of four severe early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell lines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells

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Targeted therapy in eosinophilic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

International audienceChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common and preventable airway disease causing significant worldwide mortality and morbidity. Lifetime exposure to tobacco smoking and environmental particles are the two major risk factors. Over recent decades, COPD has become a growing public health problem with an increase in incidence. COPD is defined by airflow limitation due to airway inflammation and small airway remodelling coupled to parenchymal lung destruction. Most patients exhibit neutrophil-predominant airway inflammation combined with an increase in macrophages and CD8 + T-cells. Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory airway disease. The most studied subtype is type 2 (T2) high eosinophilic asthma, for which there are an increasing number of biologic agents developed. However, both asthma and COPD are complex and share common pathophysiological mechanisms. They are known as overlapping syndromes as approximately 40% of patients with COPD present an eosinophilic airway inflammation. Several studies suggest a putative role of eosinophilia in lung function decline and COPD exacerbation. Recently, pharmacological agents targeting eosinophilic traits in uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma, especially monoclonal antibodies directed against interleukins (IL-5, IL-4, IL-13) or their receptors, have shown promising results. This review examines data on the rationale for such biological agents and assesses efficacy in T2-endotype COPD patients. @ERSpublications Patients with severe COPD and eosinophilic inflammation experience uncontrolled symptoms despite optimal pharmaceutical treatment. The development of new biomarkers is needed for better phenotyping of patients to propose innovative targeted therapy