Repenser le futur de la politique de cohésion européenne pour les pays d’europe centrale et orientale : la prise en compte de l’espace géographique comme piste de recherche

With the enlargements of the European Union in the East in 2004 and 2007, the regional economic disparities increased profoundly and an effort of solidarity between states was necessary. This paper proposes to identify between the explanatory factors at the origin of the uneven distribution of wealth between regions in Central and Eastern Europe countries. Both the role of the political and economic transition which took place in these countries and that of the geographical distance from metropolis and the border of Europe’s Fifteen member states will be put forward. in the debate between efficiency and equity of european structural Funds, we shall wonder on the eventuality of a cohesion policy rethoughttaking into account the proximity’s effects on the regional growth and on the reduction of economic disparities. The results of our calculations of global and local spatial autocorrelation suggest new lines of research

Concevoir autrement la politique de Cohésion de l’Union europeenne : la spécialisation intelligente comme approche davantage territorialisée ?

La politique de Cohésion de l’Union européenne (UE) est le principal outil de modernisation économique et sociale dans les pays et régions moins développés, notamment en Europe centrale et orientale. Elle a connu une profonde réforme en vue de la période de programmation 2014-2020. Elle est le résultat de décisions asymétriques entre les États d’une Europe à deux vitesses. À travers l’analyse des documents produits par les acteurs de l’UE et une revue de littérature approfondie, nous montrons le changement paradigmatique à l’œuvre vers une politique plus territorialisée se concentrant sur le capital territorial de chaque région, et laissant une plus grande place aux acteurs locaux dans la construction de la stratégie de développement.The European Union (EU) Cohesion policy is the main tool for economic and social modernization in less developed countries and regions, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe. It has undergone a major reform for the programming period 2014-2020. It is the result of asymmetrical decisions between the states of a two-speed Europe. Through the analysis of the documents produced by the EU actors and a thorough literature review, we show the paradigmatic shift towards a more territorialized policy focusing on the territorial capital of each region, and leaving more room for local actors in the design of the development strategy

Le changement spatial dans l'industrie automobile en Europe centrale et orientale : entre effets d'héritage, cycles de vie et transition

This paper aims to take into account the increasing weight of Eastern Europe in European car production. Through the product life-cycle theory and the Dunning model, recent foreign direct investment and the location of new plants are seen as new steps in enlarging the productive space of trans-national groups in the automobile sector

Nutrition, Diabetes and Tuberculosis in the Epidemiological Transition

BACKGROUND: Diabetes prevalence and body mass index reflect the nutritional profile of populations but have opposing effects on tuberculosis risk. Interactions between diabetes and BMI could help or hinder TB control in growing, aging, urbanizing populations. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We compiled data describing temporal changes in BMI, diabetes prevalence and population age structure in rural and urban areas for men and women in countries with high (India) and low (Rep. Korea) TB burdens. Using published data on the risks of TB associated with these factors, we calculated expected changes in TB incidence between 1998 and 2008. In India, TB incidence cases would have increased (28% from 1.7 m to 2.1 m) faster than population size (22%) because of adverse effects of aging, urbanization, changing BMI and rising diabetes prevalence, generating an increase in TB incidence per capita of 5.5% in 10 years. In India, general nutritional improvements were offset by a fall in BMI among the majority of men who live in rural areas. The growing prevalence of diabetes in India increased the annual number of TB cases in people with diabetes by 46% between 1998 and 2008. In Korea, by contrast, the number of TB cases increased more slowly (6.1% from 40,200 to 42,800) than population size (14%) because of positive effects of urbanization, increasing BMI and falling diabetes prevalence. Consequently, TB incidence per capita fell by 7.8% in 10 years. Rapid population aging was the most significant adverse effect in Korea. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional and demographic changes had stronger adverse effects on TB in high-incidence India than in lower-incidence Korea. The unfavourable effects in both countries can be overcome by early drug treatment but, if left unchecked, could lead to an accelerating rise in TB incidence. The prevention and management of risk factors for TB would reinforce TB control by chemotherapy

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

The Circular Economy as a Means of Territorialisation of the EU Industry

This contribution essentially aims to highlight the circular economy in territorial development and the new industrial strategy for Europe. We highlight the main challenges of the circular economy and present the main obstacles to its deployment today. Finally, we propose the establishment of a European industrial and territorial ecology

The French Territorial Reform of the Regions: Objectives, Risks and Challenges for some Forgotten Territories

International audienceRemapping and merging the Regions with one another, redefining the role of the departments, promoting the grouping of municipalities, creating metropolitan areas, reducing the local authorities' expenditure, improving citizen proximity and involving them in the decision-making process in a more effective way: these were the expectations of the NOTRe law, which has overhauled the territorial organisation of the French Republic. The purpose of this article is to review the reasons which led to this territorial reform, in order to highlight the discrepancies between the announced objectives and reality, and specifically to show the challenges the French regions will have to face in the future

Geography of contestation: A study on the Yellow Vest movement and the rise of populism in France

International audienceThe rise of a geography of discontent highlighted in recent studies points to a strong association between voting for populist parties and territories with socioeconomic difficulties. While discontent has primarily been addressed through the analysis of populist votes, we provide additional elements of analysis by comparing these populist votes to the Yellow Vest movement, and we distinguish the populist votes coming from the far-left party from those coming from the far-right party. Our results show that the Yellow Vest movement cannot be confused with French populist supporters and that their sensitivity to territorial dimensions also differs from that of the latter, especially in terms of access to public services. Their behavior highlights that the geography of protest takes multiple shapes and cannot be reduced to a simple opposition between urban and mostly rural or peripheral areas. This raises serious concerns about the dynamics of territories and the deleterious effects of metropolization and the closure of public services in peri-urban and rural territories that are not specific to France

Circularities in territories: opportunities & challenges

International audienceThe circular economy is a new economic model that breaks with the linear model. It is more respectful of the environment and is often presented as an opportunity for sustainable development. From a literature review on this issue, the objective of our article is to focus on the territorial dimension of the circular economy. We present the main issues for future research on territorial innovations, territorial embeddedness, resources and sustainability of circularity