Resource distribution and the trade‐off between seed number and seed weight: a comparison across crop species

In grain crops, total sink capacity is usually analysed in terms of two components, seed number and individual seed weight. Seed number and potential individual seed weight are established at a similar timing, around the flowering period, and seed weight at maturity is highly correlated with the potential established earlier. It is known that, within a species, available resources during the seed set period are distributed between both yield components, resulting in a trade-off between seed number and seed weight. Here we tested if this concept could apply for interspecific comparisons, where combinations of numbers and size across species could be related to the total available resources being either allocated to more seed or larger potential individual seed weight during the seed set period. Based on this, species differences in seed weight should be related to resource availability per seed around the period when seed number is determined. Resource availability per seed was estimated as the rate of increase in aboveground biomass per seed around the period of seed set. Data from 15 crop species differing in plant growth, seed number, seed weight and seed composition were analysed from available literature. Because species differed in seed composition, seed weight was analysed following an energy requirement approach. There was an interspecific trade-off relationship between seed number per unit of land area and seed weight (r = 0.92; F(1,13) = 32.9; n = 15; P < 0.001). Seed weight of different species was positively correlated (r = 0.90; F(1,13) = 52.9; n = 15; P < 0.001) with resource availability per seed around the seed set period. This correlation included contrasting species like quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa; ∼100 000 seeds m−2, ∼4 mg equivalent-glucose seed−1) or peanut (Arachis hypogaea; ∼800 seeds m−2, ∼1000 mg equivalent-glucose seed−1). Seed number and individual seed weight combinations across species were related and could be explained considering resource availability when plants are adjusting their seed number to the growth environment and seeds are establishing their storage capacity. Available resources around the seed set period are proportionally allocated to produce either many small seeds or few larger seeds depending on the particular species.Fil: Gambin, Brenda Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Borras, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; Argentin

Sowing date, genotype choice, and water environment control soybean yields in central Argentina

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the most important crops worldwide, and Argentina is the third largest global grain producer and the worlds´ largest meal exporter. Under the continuous challenge of increasing crop yields, especially in the central temperate region of the country, there is a growing need to optimize management in relation to the environment that each specific farm and paddock presents. Understanding the impact of available technologies and management options can help optimize crop design. Here, we identify and quantify the effect of the most relevant variables affecting soybean yield by analyzing a database that includes 53 field trials with four common commercial genotypes, reporting 50 management and environmental variables. Linear mixed-effect models revealed that two management decisions (genotype and sowing date selection) and three environmental variables (rainfall during the reproductive crop period from R1 to R7, soil type [Hapludoll vs. Argiudoll], and water table presence above or below 2 m of depth from the surface) helped explain ∼40% of total yield variability, which ranged from 1,675 to 7,226 kg ha−1 and averaged 5,133 kg ha−1. Water table presence generated higher and more stable yields particularly in coarse-textured Hapludolls and under low-rainfall conditions. Results highlight specific management and environmental conditions that affect soybean crop yields in the region, pointing to effective pathways toward yield gap reductions.Fil: Vitantonio Mazzini, Lucas Nicolás. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Cátedra de Cultivo Extensivos Cereales y Oleaginosas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Gómez, Damián. Don Mario; ArgentinaFil: Gambin, Brenda Laura. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Cátedra de Cultivo Extensivos Cereales y Oleaginosas; ArgentinaFil: Di Mauro, Guido. Don Mario; ArgentinaFil: Iglesias, Rodrigo. Don Mario; ArgentinaFil: Costanzi, Jerónimo. Don Mario; ArgentinaFil: Jobbágy, Esteban G.. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; ArgentinaFil: Borras, Lucas. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Cátedra de Cultivo Extensivos Cereales y Oleaginosas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentin

Correlations Between Parental Inbred Lines and Derived Hybrid Performance for Grain Filling Traits in Maize

Individual kernel weight (KW) is largely genetically determined, and its variability is achieved through different combinations of rate and duration of kernel growth. Genetic variability for grain-filling patterns has been observed among inbred lines and commercial hybrids, and there is current interest on dissecting its genetic basis. However, suitable grain filling phenotyping protocols are still to be determined, such as the value to study traits at the inbred or hybrid levels. The objective of our study was to evaluate the correlation between parental inbred line and derived hybrid performance for several grain-filling traits in maize (Zea mays L.). We hypothesized that there would be high correlations due to the relative high heritability of grainfilling traits. Three trials were conducted (two in Argentina and one in the United States) with commercial relevant germplasm (totaling 25 parental inbreds and 31 single-cross hybrids). Traits were KW, kernel growth rate (KGR), grainfilling duration (GFD), maximum water content (MWC), moisture concentration at physiological maturity (MCPM), and kernel desiccation rate (KDR) during the effective grain filling. Both heterosis and correlations between midparental value and hybrid performance were significant (p < 0.05) for all traits (r values of 0.63, 0.71, 0.81, 0.83, 0.61, and 0.71 for KW, KGR, GFD, MWC, KDR, and MCPM, respectively). Our results confirm that studying inbred lines for grain-filling traits generates valuable information for derived hybrid performanceFil: Alvarez Prado, Santiago. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Cs.agrarias. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gambin, Brenda Laura. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Cs.agrarias. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Novoa, A. Daniel. Nidera S. A; ArgentinaFil: Foster, Daniel. Syngenta Seeds; Estados UnidosFil: Senior, M. Lynn. Syngenta Biotechnology,; Estados UnidosFil: Zinselmeier, Christopher. Syngenta Seeds; Estados UnidosFil: Otegui, Maria Elena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Borras, Lucas. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Cs.agrarias. Departamento de Producción Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Genotype and cytokinin effects on soybean yield and biological nitrogen fixation across soil temperatures

High nitrogen (N) supply is required for high‐yielding soybean, but low soil temperatures in either early production systems or cool environments delay nodulation and limit biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Because cytokinins are key signalling hormones in mediating nodule formation and our initial controlled environment experiment indicated that seed cytokinin treatment increased early BNF and total nodule area, it was used in field trials. Cytokinin was applied (seed or foliar) to two commercial soybean genotypes (DM50I17 and DM40R16) in field trials with early (September and early November) and conventional (late November) sowing dates in Argentina. In the field, DMR50I7 achieved consistent yields across sowing dates because increased BNF compensated for limited soil N uptake in early sowing dates, also leading to 25% higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Surprisingly, soil N uptake was more cold‐sensitive than BNF with greater and prolonged N fixation in early sowing, perhaps through delayed nodulation, leading to improved N harvest index. Cytokinin seed treatment increased BNF (26%) in DM40R16 especially in early sowing dates. Although cytokinin improved cold tolerance of BNF, this was not explained by altered nodulation and did not increase yield. Here we show genetic differences in N supply in commercial soybean genotypes and the importance of BNF to maintain yield in early sown soybean

Efecto de relaciones fuente-destino contrastantes sobre la composición de grano y el color de harina de maíz

La disminución en la cantidad de asimilados por grano durante el periodo de llenado de los granos de maíz tiene un impacto negativo en el peso de los granos, en la composición de los granos, en la concentración de carotenoides y en el color de harina. Dicho impacto es más importante en los genotipos de grano semidentados que en los genotipos flint. La respuesta a los cambios en la cantidad de asimilados por grano durante el llenado no afectaron diferencialmente la respuesta de la concentración de aceite y proteína para cada tipo de grano. Sin embargo, los genotipos semidentados presentaron mayores cambios en la concentración dealmidón ante modificaciones en la cantidad de asimilados por grano en comparación a los genotipos flint.Fil: Signorelli, Giustina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Caballero Rothar, Nancy Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Borras, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Gerde, Jose Arnaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Saenz, Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentin

Efecto de relaciones fuente-destino contrastantes sobre la composición de grano y el color de harina de maíz

La disminución en la cantidad de asimilados por grano durante el periodo de llenado de los granos de maíz tiene un impacto negativo en el peso de los granos, en la composición de los granos, en la concentración de carotenoides y en el color de harina. Dicho impacto es más importante en los genotipos de grano semidentados que en los genotipos flint. La respuesta a los cambios en la cantidad de asimilados por grano durante el llenado no afectaron diferencialmente la respuesta de la concentración de aceite y proteína para cada tipo de grano. Sin embargo, los genotipos semidentados presentaron mayores cambios en la concentración dealmidón ante modificaciones en la cantidad de asimilados por grano en comparación a los genotipos flint.Fil: Signorelli, Giustina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Caballero Rothar, Nancy Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Borras, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Gerde, Jose Arnaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Saenz, Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentin

Prolonged low temperature exposure de‐sensitises ABA‐induced stomatal closure in soybean, involving an ethylene‐dependent process

Chilling can decrease stomatal sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) in some legumes, although hormonal mechanisms involved are unclear. After evaluating leaf gas exchange of 16 European soybean genotypes at 14°C, 6 genotypes representing the range of response were selected. Further experiments combined low (L, 14°C) and high (H, 24°C) temperature exposure from sowing until the unifoliate leaf was visible and L or H temperature until full leaf expansion, to impose four temperature treatments: LL, LH, HL, and HH. Prolonged chilling (LL) substantially decreased leaf water content but increased leaf ethylene evolution and foliar concentrations of the ethylene precursor 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid, indole‐3‐acetic acid, ABA and jasmonic acid. Across genotypes, photosynthesis linearly increased with stomatal conductance (Gs), with photosynthesis of HH plants threefold higher than LL plants at the same Gs. In all treatments except LL, Gs declined with foliar ABA accumulation. Foliar ABA sprays substantially decreased Gs of HH plants, but did not significantly affect LL plants. Thus low temperature compromised stomatal sensitivity to endogenous and exogenous ABA. Applying the ethylene antagonist 1 methyl‐cyclopropene partially reverted excessive stomatal opening of LL plants. Thus, chilling‐induced ethylene accumulation may mediate stomatal insensitivity to ABA, offering chemical opportunities for improving seedling survival in cold environments

Compressed representation of a partially defined integer function over multiple arguments

In OLAP (OnLine Analitical Processing) data are analysed in an n-dimensional cube. The cube may be represented as a partially defined function over n arguments. Considering that often the function is not defined everywhere, we ask: is there a known way of representing the function or the points in which it is defined, in a more compact manner than the trivial one

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis