Film media and nationalism in Thailand : comparative studies of film media propaganda in Thailand and its influence on Thai nationalism, political ideology, and class structure since the enactment of the Thai Constitution of 1997.

During periods of official nationalism in Thailand, the Thai media played a significant role in promoting government policy. The Thai media during those periods was a government orientated enterprise. However, the Thai parliament approved a new constitution in 1997 which aims to minimise state control over the media. It is for this reason that this thesis chose to study current events and the current situation. Once the media was opened up, the patterns of ownership started to change. The media, post 1997, began to change from a government orientated enterprise towards a market-orientated private enterprise. This thesis investigates the interaction between media and nationalism in Thailand. It looks at the relationship between media owners and political leaders in general. This thesis also looks at the signs, symbols, costumes, and messages that generate nationalistic feelings among audiences. This research was carried out by analysing the film contents. This analysis of content is used to demonstrate the hypothesis, which states that the new patterns of ownership of the media have led to new techniques for shaping nationalism. In order to do so, this thesis employs a media and nationalism framework which is created by using numerous theories on media and nationalism. The results have indicated that, although the primary motive of film-making may now be turning a profit, films which aim to promote the nationalism or political agendas still exist. It appears in several case studies that the private media owners and the political leaders share common interests. The filmmakers do not hesitate to use the symbols, cultures, and traditions, which are invented by the leaders. Symbols that represent power and legitimacy of the political leaders are promoted by an attempt of the filmmaker to persuade audiences that those practices and tradition, and by extension, the leaders are righteous. Individual films target different classes in Thai society, which vary by their beliefs, culture, and practices. The filmmakers are either making the film according to the culture of those classes to strengthen the nationalistic awareness from the audiences, or they are using their medium to persuade the audiences to accept their class values. Either way, it can be demonstrated that since the end of the period of official nationalism, nationalism is still promoted through film. This media support of political agendas can be seen as the new style to promote nationalism

Lipid modification by enzymes and engineered microbes /

Lipid Modification by Enzymes and Engineered Microbes covers the state-of-the art use of enzymes as natural biocatalysts to modify oils, also presenting how microorganisms, such as yeast, can be designed. In the past ten years, the field has made enormous progress, not only with respect to the tools developed for the development of designer enzymes, but also in the metabolic engineering of microbes, the discovery of novel enzyme activities, and in reaction engineering/process development. For the first time, these advances are covered in a single-volume that is edited by leading enzymatic scientist Uwe Borchscheuer and authored by an international team of experts.Online resource; title from PDF title page (EBSCO, viewed April 3, 2018).Includes bibliographical references and index.Lipid Modification by Enzymes and Engineered Microbes covers the state-of-the art use of enzymes as natural biocatalysts to modify oils, also presenting how microorganisms, such as yeast, can be designed. In the past ten years, the field has made enormous progress, not only with respect to the tools developed for the development of designer enzymes, but also in the metabolic engineering of microbes, the discovery of novel enzyme activities, and in reaction engineering/process development. For the first time, these advances are covered in a single-volume that is edited by leading enzymatic scientist Uwe Borchscheuer and authored by an international team of experts.Elsevie

Via overexpression in the yeast Pichia pastoris to enhanced enantioselectivity : a new chapter in the application of pig liver esterase

Lipases and Esterases can be used as efficient biocatalysts for the preparation of a wide variety of optically pure compounds. Whereas a range of lipases - especially of microbial origin - are commercially available, only a few esterases can be obtained for the kinetic resolution of racemates or desymmetrization. In the majority of publications, pig liver esterase (PLE) is used, which is isolated from pig liver by extraction. Although it could be demonstrated, that this preparation can convert a broad range of compounds at partially very high stereoselectivity, its application is encountered with a number of disadvantages.Lipasen und Esterasen lassen sich als effiziente Biokatalysatoren zur Darstellung einer Vielzahl optisch aktiver Verbindungen einsetzen. Während jedoch eine ganze Reihe von Lipasen - insbesondere mikrobiellen Ursprungs - kommerziell erhältlich sind, gibt es nur sehr wenige Esterasen, die für den Einsatz in einer Racematspaltung bzw. Asymmetrisierung zur Verfügung stehen. In der Mehrzahl der Publikationen wird Schweineleberesterase (PLE, pig liver esterase) verwendet, die durch Extraktion aus Schweineleber gewonnen wird. Obwohl gezeigt werden konnte, dass mit dieser Präparation eine Vielzahl von Verbindungen mit teilweise sehr hoher Stereoselektivität umgesetzt werden können, ist dessen Verwendung doch mit einer Reihe von Nachteilen verbunden

Activity of lipases and esterases towards tertiary alcohols : new insights into structure-function relationships

Hydrolytic enzymes are versatile biocatalysts and find increasing applications in organic synthesis and a considerable number of industrial processes using these enzymes have been commercialized. Within this class, lipases (E.C. 3.1.1.3) and carboxyl esterases (E.C. 3.1.1.1) are frequently used as they accept a broad range of non-natural substrates, are usually very stable in organic solvents and exhibit good to excellent stereoselectivity

The molecular mechanism of enantiorecognition of tertiary alcohols by carboxylesterases

Carboxylesterases containing the sequence motif GGGX catalyze hydrolysis of esters of chiral tertiary alcohols, albeit at only low to moderate enantioselectivity towards three model substrates (linalyl acetate, methyl-1-pentin-1-yl acetate, 2-phenyl-3-butin-2-yl acetate). In order to understand the molecular mechanism of enantiorecognition and to improve enantioselectivity towards this interesting substrate class, the interaction of both enantiomers with the substrate binding sites of acetylcholinesterases and p-nitrobenzyl esterase from Bacillus subtilis was modeled and correlated to experimental enantioselectivity. For all substrate-enzyme pairs, enantiopreference and ranking by enantioselectivity could be predicted by the model. In p-nitrobenzyl esterase, one of the key residues in determining enantioselectivity was G105: exchange of this residue by alanine led to a six-fold increase of enantioselectivity (E=19) towards 2-phenyl-3-butin-2-yl acetate. However, the effect of this mutation is personalized: towards the substrate linalyl acetate, the same mutant had a reversed enantiopreference. Thus, depending on the substrate structure, the same mutant had either increased enantioselectivity or opposite enantiopreference compared to wild type enzyme