a case report

Background Granulicatella and Abiotrophia spp. are difficult to detect due to their complex nutritional requirements. Infections with these organisms are associated with high treatment failure rates. We report the first implant- associated infection caused by Granulicatella para-adiacens, which was cured with anti-microbial treatment consisting of anti-biofilm-active rifampin and debridement, exchange of mobile parts and retention of the prosthesis. Case presentation Patient with a history of left hip arthroplasty presented with acute onset of fever, pain and limited range of motion of the left hip. Arthrocentesis of the affected joint yielded purulent fluid and exchange of mobile parts of the prosthesis, but retention of fixed components was performed. Granulicatella para-adiacens grew from preoperative and intraoperative cultures, including sonication fluid of the removed implant. The transesophageal echocardiography showed a vegetation on the mitral valve; the orthopantogram demonstrated a periapical dental abscess. The patient was treated with intravenous penicillin G and gentamicin for 4 weeks, followed by levofloxacin and rifampin for additional 2 months. At discharge and at follow- up 1, 2 and 5 years later, the patient was noted to have a functional, pain- free, and radiologically stable hip prosthesis and the serum C-reactive protein was normal. Conclusions Although considered a difficult-to-treat organism, we report a successful treatment of the Granulicatella hip prosthesis infection with prosthesis retention and a prolonged antibiofilm therapy including rifampin. The periapical dental abscess is considered the primary focus of hematogenously infected hip prosthesis, underlining the importance treatment of periodontitis prior to arthroplasty and of proper oral hygiene for prevention of hematogenous infection after arthroplasty

Malignancy transformation of chronic osteomyelitis: description of 6 cases of Marjolin's ulcers

Background: Marjolin's ulcer describes any malignant transformation of a chronic inflammatory lesion. In the majority of cases, a squamous cell carcinoma is diagnosed. Malignant transformation occurs usually after a long period of latency of chronic infection; it takes approximately 35years on average. There are no typical clinical presentations, but several indirect signs may suggest the malignant transformation, such as increased or changed discharge, pathologic fracture, a slow-growing exophytic mass, or other suggestive signs of malignant transformation, which should prompt to biopsy for histological exam. The diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis should not prevent to search for carcinoma. Case description: We present six patients with chronic osteomyelitis that developed well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. All patients were older than 50years (mean 60years, range 52-77years). Five Marjolin's ulcers were located on the lower limb and one on the arm. The average time of the chronic discharging osteomyelitis before diagnosis of carcinoma ranged between 12 and 40years. All patients were treated by amputation of the affected limb. None had metastasis, and one patient developed local recurrence and received palliative treatment. Clinical relevance: Our study emphasizes that Marjolin's ulcer should be considered as a rare but significant long-term complication of chronic osteomyelitis. The finding of microorganisms should not prevent from further diagnostic procedures by histopathological examination so that the correct surgical treatment can be performe

Infection after fracture fixation.

Infection after fracture fixation is a feared complication in orthopaedic surgery leading to poor bone healing and loss of function.Early detection is essential and interdisciplinary care is mandatory.Eradication of infection is only possible through combined surgical and antibiotic treatment.Intraoperative tissue samples must be taken and are effective for guidance of the antibiotic regimen.Infection after fracture fixation is different from prosthetic joint infection (PJI) and needs a specific strategy.In this review, we define infection after fracture fixation, and outline the clinical, radiological and laboratory signs of these infections, as well as a treatment algorithm for optimal patient care. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2019;4:468-475. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.4.180093

Locking knee caused by subluxation of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus

The authors report a case of repetitive locking knee caused by a subluxation of the posterior horn of a normal lateral meniscus. The posterior horn was sutured to the posterior knee capsule and the athlete resumed complete sports activity 4months after the surger

Acute fractures of medial and lateral great toe sesamoids in an athlete

We report a case of acute fracture of both sesamoids of the great toe in an athlete. The fractures healed uneventfully after non-surgical treatmen

Anterior subluxation after reduction of a posterior traumatic sterno-clavicular dislocation: a case report and a review of the literature

Sternoclavicular dislocations represent a rare injury. Based on our clinical experience with a patient showing an anterior subluxation after reduction of a posterior traumatic dislocation, we review the literature. The emergent reduction of the dislocation is mandatory, always keeping in mind the potentially devastating neurovascular complications. If the treatment of a residual anterior instability remains controversial, a residual posterior instability should be treated by a surgical procedure. The optimal treatment depends mainly on each surgeon's choice and practic

Practical guidelines for the treatment of patellar fractures in adults.

The role of the patella is paramount in the transmission of the quadriceps muscle forces, the increase of the lever arm, the distribution of the forces on the trochlea and the centring of the extensor apparatus. Despite the low incidence of patellar factures in comparison with other lower limb fractures, the painful and functional complications, such as knee stiffness, loss of extension and patellofemoral osteoarthritis, can be very disabling and will often compromise the return to a professional or recreational activity and induce falls in the elderly population. Treatment can be conservative or surgical, provided that it is adapted to the type of fracture. Undisplaced fractures with an intact extensor mechanism can be treated nonoperatively. Surgical treatment is recommended for fractures that either disrupt the extensor mechanism or have more than 2 to 3 mm of step-off and more than 1 to 4 mm of displacement. Tension band fixation is the most commonly employed surgical technique. In most cases, hardware has to be removed after fracture healing because of implant-related pain. Operative treatment of comminuted patellar fractures presents a significant challenge to surgeons. Failure to restore the articular surface contour results in posttraumatic arthritis. Anatomical reconstruction of the articular surface is the only way to prevent the development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Typically, fracture classification and thus treatment choice are based on anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the knee, but when computed tomography of the knee was performed pre-operatively, both the classification and treatment were modified thanks to a better understanding of the fracture complexity. The purpose of this article is to review current treatment strategies and optimise the management of adult patients with patellar fractures

Results of open reduction internal fixation versus percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation for unstable pelvic ring injuries: retrospective study of 36 patients.

Surgical stabilization of posterior pelvic ring fractures can be achieved by closed reduction and percutaneous fixation (CRPF) or by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). The aim of the present study is to compare the clinical results of both methods. Medical records of 36 patients consecutively operated for unstable pelvic ring injuries were retrospectively reviewed. We compared 22 patients treated with CRPF versus 14 patients stabilized by using ORIF between 2007 and 2017. The Majeed and Pohlemann scores were used to evaluate postoperative functional outcomes. Complications like blood loss, infection rate, Neurological injury, the operative time and the length of hospital stay were analyzed. The median Majeed pelvic score was 87 points for the CRPF technique compared with 69 points for the ORIF technique. The median Pohlemann score, operative time and length of hospitalization were similar between the two groups. The median blood loss for the CRPF technique was 300 ml compared to 500 ml for the ORIF technique. CRPF and ORIF procedure had each one neurological lesion. There was one case of infection in the ORIF group and none in the CRPF group. No measurements except for the blood loss have reached the significance threshold. The CRPF technique shows a clear decrease in blood loss. There was no statistically significant difference in the functional results, infection rate, neurological injury, operative time and hospital stay between both techniques

Septic arthritis of the shoulder due to Ureaplasma urealyticum after emergency caesarean section: a case report

Ureaplasma urealyticum is an intra-cellular bacterium frequently found colonizing the genital tract. Known complications include localized infections, which can result in premature deliveries. Septic arthritis due to U. urealyticum in healthy patients is exceptionally rare, although opportunistic septic arthritis in agammaglobulinemic patients have been reported. However, there are no reports of septic arthritis due to U. urealyticum following caesarean section or in the post-partum period. A 38-year-old immunocompetent woman presented with severe right shoulder pain, 1 month following emergency caesarean section at 26 weeks of gestation for pre-eclampsia and spontaneous placental disruption with an uncomplicated post-operative recovery. Our suspicion of septic arthritis was confirmed with abundant pus following arthrotomy by a delto-pectoral approach. Awaiting culture results, empirical antibiotic treatment with intravenous amoxicilline and clavulanic acid was initiated. In spite of sterile cultures, clinical evolution was unfavorable with persistent pain, inflammation and purulent drainage, requiring two additional surgical débridement and lavage procedures. The 16S ribosomal RNA PCR of the purulent liquid was positive for U. urealyticum at 2.95 × 10 <sup>6</sup> copies/ml, specific cultures inoculated a posteriori were positive for U. urealyticum. Levofloxacin and azithromycine antibiotherapy was initiated. Susceptibility testing showed an intermediate sensibility to ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin. The strain was susceptible to doxycycline. Following cessation of breastfeeding, we started antibiotic treatment with doxycycline for 4 weeks. The subsequent course was favorable with an excellent functional and biological outcome. We report the first case of septic arthritis due to U. urealyticum after caesarean section. We hypothesize that the breach of the genital mucosal barrier during the caesarean section led to hematogenous spread resulting in purulent septic arthritis. The initial beta-lactam based antibiotic treatment, initiated for a purulent arthritis, did not provide coverage for cell wall deficient organisms. Detection of 16S rRNA allowed for a correct microbiological diagnosis in a patient with an unexpected clinical course

Well leg compartment syndrome in trauma surgery - femoral shaft fracture treated by femoral intramedullary nailing in the hemilithotomy position: case series and review of the literature.

Well leg compartment syndrome (WLCS) is a rare complication which can occur following urological, gynecological, general surgical or orthopedic surgeries carried out with the lower limb in the hemilithotomy position. WLCS is associated with significant morbidity and mortality because delay in diagnosis and treatment can lead to loss of function and even life-threatening complications. During orthopedic surgeries on a traction table, such as femoral nailing, the contralateral "well leg" is often placed in the hemilithotomy position, thus facilitating the use of fluoroscopy. This position (also named the Lloyd-Davis position) consists of hip flexion, abduction, external rotation and knee flexion. We present the cases of two teenaged patients who underwent femoral nailing on an extension table of a femoral fracture and developed WLCS. We also present a review of the literature and a discussion of the pathophysiology, risk factors and treatment of this condition. Clinicians need to be aware of the risk factors for WLCS and have high index of suspicion. Further studies looking at the risks, benefits and feasibility of ways to reduce this risk are required