Rôle de l'aménagement de l'espace de jeu en structure d'accueil de l'enfance ?

Axée tout d’abord sur des éléments théoriques, la recherche menée dans ce document vise à décrire les différents rôles que joue l’aménagement de l’espace de jeu en structure d’accueil de l’enfance. On y décrit tout d’abord comment l’enfant perçoit et entre en relation avec l’espace qui l’entoure. Un rétrospectif historique nous apprend ensuite que les espaces de jeu ont progressivement été mis en place. Ce n’est qu’après avoir donné ces éléments de contexte que l’on décrit les six rôles joués par l’espace de jeu en structure d’accueil de l’enfance : 1. servir de support aux apprentissages 2. garantir la sécurité 3. permettre l’autonomie 4. correspondre à l’âge des enfants 5. favoriser l’activité de l’enfant 6. répondre aux besoins de tous les acteurs. À la suite des données relatives à un processus de réaménagement puis à l’architecture d’un lieu d’accueil sont explicitées. Les éléments ci-dessus sont alors mis en lien avec des données d’entretiens récoltées auprès des directions de deux structures d’accueil. Cela permet dans un second temps d’établir un parallèle entre la théorie et la pratique

Multi-scale acoustics of partially open cell poroelastic foams

International audienceThe present paper reports on the modeling of linear elastic properties of acoustically insulating foams with unit cells containing solid films or membranes at the junction between interconnected pores from a numerical homogenization technique. It combines fluid-flow induced microstructure identification with simulations of the effective Young's modulus and Poisson ratio from a mixture of routinely available laboratory measurements (porosity, permeability, cell size) and finite element calculations when the boundary conditions of the periodic unit cell take particular symmetric forms. This combination results in microstructural determination of the macroscopic coefficients entering into the Biot-Allard theory of wave propagation and dissipation through porous media. Precise control over pore morphology and mechanical properties of the base material renders this multi-scale approach particularly suitable for various advanced applications

On the use of Perfectly Matched Layers at corners for scattering problems with sign-changing coefficients

International audienceWe investigate in a 2D setting the scattering of time-harmonic electromagnetic waves by a plasmonic device, represented as a non dissipative bounded and penetrable obstacle with a negative permittivity. Using the $\texttt{T}$-coercivity approach, we first prove that the problem is well-posed in the classical framework $H^1_{loc}$ if the negative permittivity does not lie in some critical interval whose definition depends on the shape of the device. When the latter has corners, for values inside the critical interval, unusual strong singularities for the electromagnetic field can appear. In that case, well-posedness is obtained by imposing a radiation condition at the corners to select the outgoing black-hole plasmonic wave, that is the one which carries energy towards the corners. A simple and systematic criterion is given to define what is the outgoing solution. Finally, we propose an original numerical method based on the use of Perfectly Matched Layers at the corners. We emphasize that it is necessary to design an $\textit{ad hoc}$ technique because the field is too singular to be captured with standard finite element methods

Lifestyle Medicine Professionals in Training: A Survey of Behaviors, Knowledge and Needs

Background/Purpose: It is well known that healthy lifestyle habits can influence chronic disease risk and outcomes. The effective practice of Lifestyle Medicine (LM), however, goes beyond general recommendations and has been encapsulated in well-defined clinical competencies. While it has been documented that graduating medical students feel inadequately prepared to counsel patients in nutrition and exercise, the purpose of this study is to explore the perceptions and experiences of Lifestyle Medicine in a group of interdisciplinary healthcare trainees. Methods: A pilot survey of trainees at the 2015 Annual American College of Lifestyle Medicine (ACLM) Conference assessed perspectives on the inclusion of nutrition and exercise in their educational curricula, knowledge of core LM competencies and personal health habits. Results: Of the 37 trainees registered, 22 surveys were completed. Twenty-six percent indicated they were exposed to courses in exercise; sixty-five percent reported having a nutrition block and fifty percent received instruction on counseling about LM behaviors. Relative importance using Likert scale (1-not important, 5-very important) ascribed similar levels of importance to exercise (4.44), nutrition (4.31), and behavioral counseling (4.58) training. Ninety-five percent reported personal engagement in physical activity, however only forty-two percent were familiar with the Lifestyle Medicine core competencies. Ninety-four percent indicated that the current medical model was insufficient in educating trainees to address lifestyle related diseases. Conclusion: In a select multidisciplinary sample of trainees, there is recognition of the importance of Lifestyle Medicine training. Although trainees surveyed practice healthful behaviors, the majority were not familiar with core Lifestyle Medicine competences and express strong interest in increased Lifestyle Medicine in their training experience

Neural repetition suppression to vocal and non-vocal sounds

Adaptation to the sensory environment is essential in everyday life, to anticipate future events and quickly detect and respond to changes; and to distinguish vocal variations in congeners, for communication. The aim of the current study was to explore the effects of the nature (vocal/non-vocal) of the information to be encoded, on the establishment of auditory regularities. In electrophysiology, neural adaptation is measured by the ‘Repetition Positivity’ (RP), which refers to an increase in positive potential, with the increasing number of repetitions of a same stimulus. The RP results from the combined variation of several ERP components; the P1, the first positivity (∼100 ms) may reflect the onset of repetition effects. We recorded auditory evoked potentials during a roving paradigm in which trains of 4, 8 or 16 repetitions of the same stimulus were presented. Sequences of vocal and non-vocal complex stimuli were delivered, to study the influence of the type of stimulation on the characteristics of the brain responses. The P1 to each train length, and the RP responses were recorded between 90 and 200 ms, reflecting adaptation for both vocal and non-vocal stimuli. RP was not different between vocal and non-vocal sequences (in latency, amplitude and spatial organization) and was found to be similar to that found in previous studies using pure tones, suggesting that the repetition suppression phenomena is somehow independent of the nature of the stimulus. However, results showed faster stabilization of the P1 amplitude for non vocal stimuli than for vocal stimuli, which require more repetitions. This revealed different dynamics for the establishment of regularity encoding for non-vocal and vocal stimuli, indicating that the richness of vocal sounds may require further processing before full neural adaptation occurs

Mesh requirements for the finite element approximation of problems with sign-changing coefficients

International audienceTransmission problems with sign-changing coefficients occur in electromagnetic theory in the presence of negative materials surrounded by classical materials. For general geometries, establishing Fredholmness of these transmission problems is well-understood thanks to the T-coercivity approach. Moreover, for a plane interface, there exist meshing rules that guarantee an optimal convergence rate for the finite element approximation. We propose here a new treatment at the corners of the interface which allows to design meshing rules for an arbitrary polygonal interface and then recover standard error estimates. This treatment relies on the use of simple geometrical transforms to define the meshes. Numerical results illustrate the importance of this new design

High-sensitivity versus conventional troponin in the emergency department for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction

International audienceINTRODUCTION: Recently, newer assays for cardiac troponin (cTn) have been developed which are able to detect changes in concentration of the biomarker at or below the 99th percentile for a normal population. The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of a new high-sensitivity troponin T (HsTnT) assay to that of conventional cTnI for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) according to pretest probability (PTP). METHODS: In consecutive patients who presented to our emergency departments with chest pain suggestive of AMI, levels of HsTnT were measured at presentation, blinded to the emergency physicians, who were asked to estimate the empirical PTP of AMI. The discharge diagnosis was adjudicated by two independent experts on the basis of all available data. RESULTS: A total of 317 patients were included, comprising 149 (47%) who were considered to have low PTP, 109 (34%) who were considered to have moderate PTP and 59 (19%) who were considered to have high PTP. AMI was confirmed in 45 patients (14%), 22 (9%) of whom were considered to have low to moderate PTP and 23 (39%) of whom were considered to have high PTP (P < 0.001). In the low to moderate PTP group, HsTnT levels ≥ 0.014 μg/L identified AMI with a higher sensitivity than cTnI (91%, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 79 to 100, vs. 77% (95% CI 60 to 95); P = 0.001), but the negative predictive value was not different (99% (95% CI 98 to 100) vs. 98% (95% CI 96 to 100)). There was no difference in area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve between HsTnT and cTnI (0.93 (95% CI 0.90 to 0.98) vs. 0.94 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.97), respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with low to moderate PTP of AMI, HsTnT is slightly more useful than cTnI. Our results confirm that the use of HsTnT has a higher sensitivity than conventional cTnI

Do personality traits affect productivity?:Evidence from the lab

While survey data supports a strong relationship between personality and labor market outcomes, the exact mechanisms behind this association remain unexplored. In this paper, we take advantage of a controlled laboratory set-up to explore whether this relationship operates through productivity. Using a real-e ort task, we analyse the impact of the Big Five personality traits on performance. We nd that more neurotic subjects perform worse, and that more conscientious individuals perform better. These ndings are in line with previous survey studies and suggest that at least part of the e ect of personality on labor market outcomes operates through individual productivity. In addition, we nd evidence that gender and university major a ect the impact of the Big Five personality traits on performance

Pl@ntNet-300K: a plant image dataset with high label ambiguity and a long-tailed distribution

International audienceThis paper presents a novel image dataset with high intrinsic ambiguity and a longtailed distribution built from the database of Pl@ntNet citizen observatory. It consists of 306,146 plant images covering 1,081 species. We highlight two particular features of the dataset, inherent to the way the images are acquired and to the intrinsic diversity of plants morphology: (i) the dataset has a strong class imbalance, i.e., a few species account for most of the images, and, (ii) many species are visually similar, rendering identification difficult even for the expert eye. These two characteristics make the present dataset well suited for the evaluation of set-valued classification methods and algorithms. Therefore, we recommend two set-valued evaluation metrics associated with the dataset (macro-average top-k accuracy and macro-average average-k accuracy) and we provide baseline results established by training deep neural networks using the cross-entropy loss