The influence of German language to the Latvian language: the orthography of consonanat and monophthong in Latvian text of the 16th and 17th century

Šajā darbā tiek pētīta vācu valodas ietekme uz latviešu valodu un fonēmu apzīmējums 16. un 17. gadsimta latviešu tekstos. Bakalaura darbā tiks pētīti divi teksti: 16. gadsimta luterāņu katehismus – Enchiridion, kurš tika izdots 1586 gadā un 17. gadsimta Georga Manceļa teksts – Vade Macum, kurš tika izdots 1631 gadā. Abi teksti ir baznīcas teksti un to rakstība ir ietekmējusies no vācu valodas. Darbā tiks aplūkota arī viduslejasvācu valoda un agrā jaunaugšvācu valoda, jo 16. gadsimtā latviešu valodas rakstība ietekmējās no viduslejasvācu valodas un 17. gadsimtā no agrās jaunaugšvācu valodas. Darbā tiek apskatīta 16. gadsimta rakstības izcelsme, reformācijas ietekme uz latviešu valodas rakstību, viduslejasvācu valodas un augšvācu valodas rakstības raksturojums, līdzskaņu un patskaņu rakstības raksturojums 16. un 17. gadsimtā. Bakalaura darbs sastāv no pētnieciskās daļas, kurā tiks pētīts rakstības princips 16. un 17. gadsimtā. Lai vācu valodas ietekme uz latviešu valodu būtu vieglāk pārskatāma, no teksta tiks ņemti atsevišķi vārdi un tad fonēmu apzīmējumi tiks salīdzināti ar mūsdienu latviešu valodu.In this work will be researched the influence of German language to the Latvian language and the designation of phoneme in Latvian text of the 16th and 17th century. In this bachelor paper will be researched two texts: Lutheran catechism of the 16th century – Enchiridion, which was published in 1586 and the text of Georg Mancel – Vade Mecum, which was published in 1631. Both texts are church’s texts and their writing was influenced from German language. In this work will be also sawn Middle Low German language and early Middle High German language, because in the 16th century the Latvian writing was influenced from the Middle Low German and in 17th century from early Middle High German. In this work is sawn the writing derivation in the 16th century, the influence of Reformation to the Latvian writing, the characterization of Middle Low and early Middle High German writing, the characterization of consonant and monophthong writing in the 16th and 17th century. The bachelor paper is composed of researchable part in which will be researched the writing principle in the 16th and 17th century

Freedom of the Will : A Possible Alternative

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

The Dynamic Response of an Inhomogeneous Plasma Diode to an Applied Electric Field

QC 2012041

Extended Potential Drops Preceding Double Layer Formation in a Triple Plasma Device

QC 2012041

Potential Drops Supported by Ion Density Cavities in the Dynamic Response of a Plasma Diode to an Applied Field

QC 2012041

A multivesicular body-like organelle mediates stimulus-regulated trafficking of olfactory ciliary transduction proteins

Stimulus transduction in cilia of olfactory sensory neurons is mediated by odorant receptors, Gαolf, adenylate cyclase-3, cyclic nucleotide-gated and chloride ion channels. Mechanisms regulating trafficking and localization of these proteins in the dendrite are unknown. By lectin/immunofluorescence staining and in vivo correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM), we identify a retinitis pigmentosa-2 (RP2), ESCRT-0 and synaptophysin-containing multivesicular organelle that is not part of generic recycling/degradative/exosome pathways. The organelle's intraluminal vesicles contain the olfactory transduction proteins except for Golf subunits Gγ13 and Gβ1. Instead, Gβ1 colocalizes with RP2 on the organelle’s outer membrane. The organelle accumulates in response to stimulus deprivation, while odor stimuli or adenylate cyclase activation cause outer membrane disintegration, release of intraluminal vesicles, and RP2/Gβ1 translocation to the base of olfactory cilia. Together, these findings reveal the existence of a dendritic organelle that mediates both stimulus-regulated storage of olfactory ciliary transduction proteins and membrane-delimited sorting important for G protein heterotrimerization

Retinoic acid receptor and CNGA2 channel signaling are part of a regulatory feedback loop controlling axonal convergence and survival of olfactory sensory neurons

Little is known about the identities and functions of extracellular signaling molecules that work in concert with neuronal activity to regulate refinement and maintenance of the mouse olfactory sensory map. We show that expression of a dominant negative retinoic acid receptor (RAR) in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) increased the number of glomeruli that incorrectly contained OSN axons expressing different odorant receptors. This phenotype became apparent postnatally, coincided with increased cell death, and was preceded by increased Neuropilin-1 and reduced Kirrel-2 expressions. Kirrel-2-mediated cell adhesion influences odorant receptor-specific axonal convergence and is regulated by odorant receptor signaling via the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channel. Accordingly, we found that inhibited RAR function correlated with reduced CNG channel expression. Naris occlusion experiments and analysis of CNG channel-deficient mice further indicated that RAR-regulated CNG channel levels influenced the intrinsic neuronal activity required for cell survival in the absence of odor stimulation. Finally, we showed that CNG channel activity regulated expression of the retinoic acid-degrading enzyme Cyp26B1. Combined, these results identify a novel homeostatic feedback mechanism involving retinoic acid metabolism and CNG channel activity, which influences glomerular homogeneity and maintenance of precisely connected OSNs.—Öztokatli, H., Hörnberg, M., Berghard, A., Bohm, S. Retinoic acid receptor and CNGA2 channel signaling are part of a regulatory feedback loop controlling axonal convergence and survival of olfactory sensory neurons