Synthesis of the Method of Hidden Homing of a Pair of Interceptors to an Aerial Target

В данной статье на основе концепции обратных задач динамики приведён синтез метода скрытого самонаведения пары перехватчиков в составе атакующего истребителя и беспилотного летательного аппарата – постановщика активных помех на воздушную цель. Решение данной задачи обусловлено, с одной стороны, требованием повышения эффективности радиоэлектронного подавления бортовых радиолокационных систем противника в интересах обеспечения скрытого самонаведения перехватчика на него, с другой стороны, возникновением непреднамеренных помех на входе приёмника «своей» бортовой радиолокационной системы, приводящих к снижению эффективности её работы, при работе станции активных помех на излучение. Снижение уровня непреднамеренных помех достигается при реализации приведённого метода за счёт управления пространственным положением беспилотного летательного аппарата-постановщика активных помех относительно атакующего истребителя. Кроме того, в статье приведены результаты моделирования процесса наведения пары перехватчиков на воздушную цель, которые свидетельствуют, во‑первых, о возможности реализации данного метода, во‑вторых, о его эффективностиIn this article, on the basis of the concept of inverse problems of dynamics, a synthesis of the method of covert homing of a pair of interceptors as part of an attacking fighter and an unmanned aerial vehicle – the director of active jamming on an air target is given. The solution of this problem is due, on the one hand, to the requirement to increase the effectiveness of electronic suppression of the enemy’s onboard radar systems, in the interests of ensuring the interceptor’s covert homing on it, on the other hand, the occurrence of unintentional interference at the input of the receiver of “one’s own” onboard radar system, leading to a decrease in its effectiveness work, during the operation of the active interference station for radiation. Reducing the level of unintentional interference is achieved by implementing the above method by controlling the spatial position of the unmanned aerial vehicle-producer of active jamming relative to the attacking fighter. In addition, the article presents the results of modeling the process of pointing a pair of interceptors at an air target, which indicate, firstly, the possibility of implementing this method, and secondly, its effectivenes

Erot spatiaalisissa ja ajallisissa reaktionormeissa kevään ja syksyn fenologisille tapahtumille

For species to stay temporally tuned to their environment, they use cues such as the accumulation of degree-days. The relationships between the timing of a phenological event in a population and its environmental cue can be described by a population-level reaction norm. Variation in reaction norms along environmental gradients may either intensify the envi- ronmental effects on timing (cogradient variation) or attenu- ate the effects (countergradient variation). To resolve spatial and seasonal variation in species’ response, we use a unique dataset of 91 taxa and 178 phenological events observed across a network of 472 monitoring sites, spread across the nations of the former Soviet Union. We show that compared to local rates of advancement of phenological events with the advancement of temperature-related cues (i.e., variation within site over years), spatial variation in reaction normsPeer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

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Synthesis of Optimal Algorithm of Recognition Numerical Model of Group Air Target from Class «Turbojet Aircrafts» Based on Kalman Filtering and Neural Network

В данной статье синтезирован оптимальный алгоритм распознавания типового состава групповой воздушной цели на основе калмановской фильтрации и нейронной сети, обеспечивающий постоянство вероятности распознавания типового состава групповой воздушной цели не ниже заданной при различном характере ее полетаIn this paper discusses an optimal algorithm for recognition the numerical type of group air target based on kalman filtering and neural network, ensuring a constant probability recognizing the numerical type of group air target not less then a given by optimizing the solver rule, allowing to adapt process to different aircraft flight pattern of group air targe