Dreaming Big and Living Small: Examining Motivations and Satisfaction in Tiny House Living

The tiny house movement advocates for downsizing and a moving into smaller residences.1 While living in smaller homes is in no way novel, the roots of the current trend is somewhat contested as some attribute it to the “Back-to-the-Land” movement of the 1970’s or Thoreau’s plea to live simply and deliberately.1 In 2002, the first company dedicated to solely building tiny houses was founded and called Tumbleweed Tiny House Company.2 Jay Shafer, the owner of Tumbleweed, and several tiny house advocates joined together to create the Small House Society to serve as a community of like-minded individuals with information sharing and support.2 There are now numerous books, websites, blogs, conferences, companies, support groups, and more relating to tiny house living for those who are interested or currently live the lifestyle

The Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Activities of Daily Living Post Stroke

MPT Systematic Reviews and Research Projects.Medicine, Faculty ofPhysical Therapy, Department ofUnreviewedGraduat

IL-38 binds to the IL-36 receptor and has biological effects on immune cells similar to IL-36 receptor antagonist.

Item does not contain fulltextThe functional role of IL-1 family member 10, recently renamed IL-38, remains unknown. In the present study we aimed to elucidate the biological function of IL-38 and to identify its receptor. Heat-killed Candida albicans was used to stimulate memory T-lymphocyte cytokine production in freshly obtained human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects. The addition of recombinant IL-38 (152 amino acids) inhibited the production of T-cell cytokines IL-22 (37% decrease) and IL-17 (39% decrease). The reduction in IL-22 and IL-17 caused by IL-38 was similar to that caused by the naturally occurring IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra) in the same peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultures. IL-8 production induced by IL-36gamma was reduced by IL-38 (42% decrease) and also was reduced by IL-36Ra (73% decrease). When human blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells were used, IL-38 as well as IL-36Ra increased LPS-induced IL-6 by twofold. We screened immobilized extracellular domains of each member of the IL-1 receptor family, including the IL-36 receptor (also known as "IL-1 receptor-related protein 2") and observed that IL-38 bound only to the IL-36 receptor, as did IL-36Ra. The dose-response suppression of IL-38 as well as that of IL-36Ra of Candida-induced IL-22 and IL-17 was not that of the classic IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra), because low concentrations were optimal for inhibiting IL-22 production, whereas higher concentrations modestly increased IL-22. These data provide evidence that IL-38 binds to the IL-36R, as does IL-36Ra, and that IL-38 and IL-36Ra have similar biological effects on immune cells by engaging the IL-36 receptor