903 research outputs found
Single microwave photon detection in the micromaser
High efficiency single photon detection is an interesting problem for many
areas of physics, including low temperature measurement, quantum information
science and particle physics. For optical photons, there are many examples of
devices capable of detecting single photons with high efficiency. However
reliable single photon detection of microwaves is very difficult, principally
due to their low energy. In this paper we present the theory of a cascade
amplifier operating in the microwave regime that has an optimal quantum
efficiency of 93%. The device uses a microwave photon to trigger the stimulated
emission of a sequence of atoms where the energy transition is readily
detectable. A detailed description of the detector's operation and some
discussion of the potential limitations of the detector are presented.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
Dyck Paths, Motzkin Paths and Traffic Jams
It has recently been observed that the normalization of a one-dimensional
out-of-equilibrium model, the Asymmetric Exclusion Process (ASEP) with random
sequential dynamics, is exactly equivalent to the partition function of a
two-dimensional lattice path model of one-transit walks, or equivalently Dyck
paths. This explains the applicability of the Lee-Yang theory of partition
function zeros to the ASEP normalization.
In this paper we consider the exact solution of the parallel-update ASEP, a
special case of the Nagel-Schreckenberg model for traffic flow, in which the
ASEP phase transitions can be intepreted as jamming transitions, and find that
Lee-Yang theory still applies. We show that the parallel-update ASEP
normalization can be expressed as one of several equivalent two-dimensional
lattice path problems involving weighted Dyck or Motzkin paths. We introduce
the notion of thermodynamic equivalence for such paths and show that the
robustness of the general form of the ASEP phase diagram under various update
dynamics is a consequence of this thermodynamic equivalence.Comment: Version accepted for publicatio
The Grand-Canonical Asymmetric Exclusion Process and the One-Transit Walk
The one-dimensional Asymmetric Exclusion Process (ASEP) is a paradigm for
nonequilibrium dynamics, in particular driven diffusive processes. It is
usually considered in a canonical ensemble in which the number of sites is
fixed. We observe that the grand-canonical partition function for the ASEP is
remarkably simple. It allows a simple direct derivation of the asymptotics of
the canonical normalization in various phases and of the correspondence with
One-Transit Walks recently observed by Brak et.al.Comment: Published versio
Free energy landscapes, dynamics and the edge of chaos in mean-field models of spin glasses
Metastable states in Ising spin-glass models are studied by finding iterative
solutions of mean-field equations for the local magnetizations. Two different
equations are studied: the TAP equations which are exact for the SK model, and
the simpler `naive-mean-field' (NMF) equations. The free-energy landscapes that
emerge are very different. For the TAP equations, the numerical studies confirm
the analytical results of Aspelmeier et al., which predict that TAP states
consist of close pairs of minima and index-one (one unstable direction) saddle
points, while for the NMF equations saddle points with large indices are found.
For TAP the barrier height between a minimum and its nearby saddle point scales
as (f-f_0)^{-1/3} where f is the free energy per spin of the solution and f_0
is the equilibrium free energy per spin. This means that for `pure states', for
which f-f_0 is of order 1/N, the barriers scale as N^{1/3}, but between states
for which f-f_0 is of order one the barriers are finite and also small so such
metastable states will be of limited physical significance. For the NMF
equations there are saddles of index K and we can demonstrate that their
complexity Sigma_K scales as a function of K/N. We have also employed an
iterative scheme with a free parameter that can be adjusted to bring the system
of equations close to the `edge of chaos'. Both for the TAP and NME equations
it is possible with this approach to find metastable states whose free energy
per spin is close to f_0. As N increases, it becomes harder and harder to find
solutions near the edge of chaos, but nevertheless the results which can be
obtained are competitive with those achieved by more time-consuming computing
methods and suggest that this method may be of general utility.Comment: 13 page
An introduction to phase transitions in stochastic dynamical systems
We give an introduction to phase transitions in the steady states of systems
that evolve stochastically with equilibrium and nonequilibrium dynamics, the
latter defined as those that do not possess a time-reversal symmetry. We try as
much as possible to discuss both cases within the same conceptual framework,
focussing on dynamically attractive `peaks' in state space. A quantitative
characterisation of these peaks leads to expressions for the partition function
and free energy that extend from equilibrium steady states to their
nonequilibrium counterparts. We show that for certain classes of nonequilibrium
systems that have been exactly solved, these expressions provide precise
predictions of their macroscopic phase behaviour.Comment: Pedagogical talk contributed to the "Ageing and the Glass Transition"
Summer School, Luxembourg, September 2005. 12 pages, 8 figures, uses the IOP
'jpconf' document clas
Carrier-induced ferromagnetism in n-type ZnMnAlO and ZnCoAlO thin films at room temperature
The realization of semiconductors that are ferromagnetic above room
temperature will potentially lead to a new generation of spintronic devices
with revolutionary electrical and optical properties. Transition temperatures
in doped ZnO are high but, particularly for Mn doping, the reported moments
have been small. We show that by careful control of both oxygen deficiency and
aluminium doping the ferromagnetic moments measured at room temperature in
n-type ZnMnO and ZnCoO are close to the ideal values of 5mB and 3mB
respectively. Furthermore a clear correlation between the magnetisation per
transition metal ion and the ratio of the number of carriers to the number of
transition metal donors was established as is expected for carrier induced
ferromagnetism for both the Mn and Co doped films. The dependence of the
magnetisation on carrier density is similar to that predicted for the
transition temperature for a dilute magnetic semiconductor in which the
exchange between the transition metal ions is through the free carriers.Comment: 14 pages pd
Spatiotemporally Complete Condensation in a Non-Poissonian Exclusion Process
We investigate a non-Poissonian version of the asymmetric simple exclusion
process, motivated by the observation that coarse-graining the interactions
between particles in complex systems generically leads to a stochastic process
with a non-Markovian (history-dependent) character. We characterize a large
family of one-dimensional hopping processes using a waiting-time distribution
for individual particle hops. We find that when its variance is infinite, a
real-space condensate forms that is complete in space (involves all particles)
and time (exists at almost any given instant) in the thermodynamic limit. The
mechanism for the onset and stability of the condensate are both rather subtle,
and depends on the microscopic dynamics subsequent to a failed particle hop
attempts.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures. Version 2 to appear in PR
Perturbation theory for the one-dimensional trapping reaction
We consider the survival probability of a particle in the presence of a
finite number of diffusing traps in one dimension. Since the general solution
for this quantity is not known when the number of traps is greater than two, we
devise a perturbation series expansion in the diffusion constant of the
particle. We calculate the persistence exponent associated with the particle's
survival probability to second order and find that it is characterised by the
asymmetry in the number of traps initially positioned on each side of the
particle.Comment: 18 pages, no figures. Uses IOP Latex clas
Magnetic and Optical properties of strained films of multiferroic GdMnO3
The effects of strain on a film of mulitferroic GdMnO3 are investigated using
both magnetometry and magneto-optic spectroscopy. Optical spectra, in the
energy range 1.5eV - 3.5eV, were taken in Faraday geometry in an applied
magnetic field and also at remanence. This yielded rich information on the
effects of strain on the spin ordering in these films. Epitaxial films of
GdMnO3 were grown on SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 substrates. The LaAlO3 was twinned and
so produced a highly strained film whereas the strain was less for the film
grown on SrTiO3. The Ne\'el temperatures and coercive fields were measured
using zero field data and hysteresis loops obtained using a SQUID magnetometer.
Optical absorption data agreed with earlier work on bulk materials. The two
well known features in the optical spectrum, the charge transfer transition
between Mn d states at ~2eV and the band edge transition from the oxygen p band
to the d states at ~3eV are observed in the magnetic circular dichroism;
however they behaved very differently both as a function of magnetic field and
temperature. This is interpreted in terms of the magnetic ordering of the Mn
spins.Comment: 9 pages of text including figure
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