7,073 research outputs found
Forcing and feedback in the MPI-ESM-LR coupled model under abruptly quadrupled CO2
Radiative feedback mechanisms associated with temperature, water vapor, cloud, and surface albedo change determine climate sensitivity to radiative forcing. Here we use the linearized radiative kernel-technique in combination with a Gregory analysis to determine the strength and structure of feedbacks, as well as direct and adjusted CO2 forcings in the coupled Max Planck Institute Earth System Model at base resolution (MPI-ESM-LR). We show that the combined Kernel-Gregory approach yields an elegant separation of surface temperature-dependent feedbacks from contributions to radiative forcing by fast adjustments. MPI-ESM-LR exhibits a relatively large cloud adjustment of nearly 2 W mâ2 in direct response to quadrupled CO2, with positive cloud adjustment evident throughout the tropics, subtropics and over most landmasses whereas midlatitude storm tracks contribute negatively. The model features a nonlinear regression of radiation imbalance to global mean surface temperature change, resulting in a significantly increasing effective climate sensitivity after about 20 years which is approximately at temperatures 4â5 K above preindustrial. This feature is not uncommon among climate models and is relevant for future climate projections. We analyze the contribution of the individual feedback processes to this behavior and discuss possible origins such as differential ocean warming patterns associated with deep-ocean heat uptake or state dependencies of the feedback processes
The Elusive p-air Cross Section
For the \pbar p and systems, we have used all of the extensive data of
the Particle Data Group[K. Hagiwara {\em et al.} (Particle Data Group), Phys.
Rev. D 66, 010001 (2002).]. We then subject these data to a screening process,
the ``Sieve'' algorithm[M. M. Block, physics/0506010.], in order to eliminate
``outliers'' that can skew a fit. With the ``Sieve'' algorithm, a
robust fit using a Lorentzian distribution is first made to all of the data to
sieve out abnormally high \delchi, the individual i point's
contribution to the total . The fits are then made to the
sieved data. We demonstrate that we cleanly discriminate between asymptotic
and behavior of total hadronic cross sections when we require
that these amplitudes {\em also} describe, on average, low energy data
dominated by resonances. We simultaneously fit real analytic amplitudes to the
``sieved'' high energy measurements of and total cross sections
and -values for GeV, while requiring that their asymptotic
fits smoothly join the the and total cross
sections at 4.0 GeV--again {\em both} in magnitude and slope. Our
results strongly favor a high energy fit, basically excluding a fit. Finally, we make a screened Glauber fit for the p-air cross section,
using as input our precisely-determined cross sections at cosmic ray
energies.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, 2 table,Paper delivered at c2cr2005 Conference,
Prague, September 7-13, 2005. Fig. 2 was missing from V1. V3 fixes all
figure
Predicting Proton-Air Cross Sections at sqrt s ~30 TeV, using Accelerator and Cosmic Ray Data
We use the high energy predictions of a QCD-inspired parameterization of all
accelerator data on forward proton-proton and antiproton-proton scattering
amplitudes, along with Glauber theory, to predict proton-air cross sections at
energies near \sqrt s \approx 30 TeV. The parameterization of the proton-proton
cross section incorporates analyticity and unitarity, and demands that the
asymptotic proton is a black disk of soft partons. By comparing with the p-air
cosmic ray measurements, our analysis results in a constraint on the inclusive
particle production cross section.Comment: 9 pages, Revtex, uses epsfig.sty, 5 postscript figures. Minor text
revisions. Systematic errors in k included, procedure for extracting k
clarified. Previously undefined symbols now define
How Barred is the NIR Nearby Universe? An analysis using 2MASS
We determine a firm lower limit to the bar fraction of 0.58 in the nearby
universe using J+H+Ks-band images for 134 spirals from 2MASS. With a mean
deprojected semi-major axis of 5.1 kpc, and a mean deprojected ellipticity of
0.45 this local bar sample lays the ground work for studies on bar formation
and evolution at high redshift.Comment: In the proceedings "Penetrating Bars through Masks of Cosmic Dust:
The Hubble Tuning Fork strikes a New Note
New limits on "odderon" amplitudes from analyticity constraints
In studies of high energy and scattering, the odd (under
crossing) forward scattering amplitude accounts for the difference between the
and cross sections. Typically, it is taken as
(),
which has as , where is the
ratio of the real to the imaginary portion of the forward scattering amplitude.
However, the odd-signatured amplitude can have in principle a strikingly
different behavior, ranging from having non-zero constant to
having as , the maximal behavior
allowed by analyticity and the Froissart bound. We reanalyze high energy
and scattering data, using new analyticity constraints, in order to
put new and precise limits on the magnitude of ``odderon'' amplitudes.Comment: 13 pages LaTex, 6 figure
Analytic models and forward scattering from accelerator to cosmic-ray energies
Analytic models for hadron-hadron scattering are characterized by analytical
parametrizations for the forward amplitudes and the use of dispersion relation
techniques to study the total cross section and the
parameter. In this paper we investigate four aspects related to the application
of the model to and scattering, from accelerator to cosmic-ray
energies: 1) the effect of different estimations for from
cosmic-ray experiments; 2) the differences between individual and global
(simultaneous) fits to and ; 3) the role of the
subtraction constant in the dispersion relations; 4) the effect of distinct
asymptotic inputs from different analytic models. This is done by using as a
framework the single Pomeron and the maximal Odderon parametrizations for the
total cross section. Our main conclusions are the following: 1) Despite the
small influence from different cosmic-ray estimations, the results allow us to
extract an upper bound for the soft pomeron intercept: ;
2) although global fits present good statistical results, in general, this
procedure constrains the rise of ; 3) the subtraction constant as
a free parameter affects the fit results at both low and high energies; 4)
independently of the cosmic-ray information used and the subtraction constant,
global fits with the odderon parametrization predict that, above GeV, becomes greater than , and
this result is in complete agreement with all the data presently available. In
particular, we infer at GeV and
at 500 GeV (BNL RHIC energies).Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, aps-revtex, wording changes, corrected typos, to
appear in Physical Review
New physics, the cosmic ray spectrum knee, and cross section measurements
We explore the possibility that a new physics interaction can provide an
explanation for the knee just above GeV in the cosmic ray spectrum. We
model the new physics modifications to the total proton-proton cross section
with an incoherent term that allows for missing energy above the scale of new
physics. We add the constraint that the new physics must also be consistent
with published cross section measurements, using cosmic ray observations,
an order of magnitude and more above the knee. We find that the rise in cross
section required at energies above the knee is radical. The increase in cross
section suggests that it may be more appropriate to treat the scattering
process in the black disc limit at such high energies. In this case there may
be no clean separation between the standard model and new physics contributions
to the total cross section. We model the missing energy in this limit and find
a good fit to the Tibet III cosmic ray flux data. We comment on testing the new
physics proposal for the cosmic ray knee at the Large Hadron Collider.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figure
Very Luminous Carbon Stars in the Outer Disk of the Triangulum Spiral Galaxy
Stars with masses in the range from about 1.3 to 3.5 Mo pass through an
evolutionary stage where they become carbon stars. In this stage, which lasts a
few Myr, these stars are extremely luminous pulsating giants. They are so
luminous in the near-infrared that just a few of them can double the integrated
luminosity of intermediate-age (0.6 to 2 Gyr) Magellanic Cloud clusters at 2.2
microns. Astronomers routinely use such near-infrared observations to minimize
the effects of dust extinction, but it is precisely in this band that carbon
stars can contribute hugely. The actual contribution of carbon stars to the
outer disk light of evolving spiral galaxies has not previously been
morphologically investigated. Here we report new and very deep near-IR images
of the Triangulum spiral galaxy M33=NGC 598, delineating spectacular arcs of
carbon stars in its outer regions. It is these arcs which dominate the
near-infrared m=2 Fourier spectra of M33. We present near-infrared photometry
with the Hale 5-m reflector, and propose that the arcs are the signature of
accretion of low metallicity gas in the outer disk of M33.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures. Revised version submitted to A&A Letter
High-resolution DCE-MRI of the pituitary gland using radial k-space acquisition with compressed sensing reconstruction
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The pituitary gland is located outside of the blood-brain barrier. Dynamic T1 weighted contrast enhanced sequence is considered to be the gold standard to evaluate this region. However, it does not allow assessment of intrinsic permeability properties of the gland. Our aim was to demonstrate the utility of radial volumetric interpolated brain examination with the golden-angle radial sparse parallel technique to evaluate permeability characteristics of the individual components (anterior and posterior gland and the median eminence) of the pituitary gland and areas of differential enhancement and to optimize the study acquisition time.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 52 patients (group 1, 25 patients with normal pituitary glands; and group 2, 27 patients with a known diagnosis of microadenoma). Radial volumetric interpolated brain examination sequences with goldenangle radial sparse parallel technique were evaluated with an ROI-based method to obtain signal-time curves and permeability measures of individual normal structures within the pituitary gland and areas of differential enhancement. Statistical analyses were performed to assess differences in the permeability parameters of these individual regions and optimize the study acquisition time.
RESULTS: Signal-time curves from the posterior pituitary gland and median eminence demonstrated a faster wash-in and time of
maximum enhancement with a lower peak of enhancement compared with the anterior pituitary gland (P .005). Time-optimization
analysis demonstrated that 120 seconds is ideal for dynamic pituitary gland evaluation. In the absence of a clinical history, differences in the signal-time curves allow easy distinction between a simple cyst and a microadenoma.
CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study confirms the ability of the golden-angle radial sparse parallel technique to evaluate the
permeability characteristics of the pituitary gland and establishes 120 seconds as the ideal acquisition time for dynamic pituitary gland
imaging
Q value and half-life of double-electron capture in Os-184
Os-184 has been excluded as a promising candidate for the search of
neutrinoless double-electron capture. High-precision mass measurements with the
Penning-trap mass spectrometer TRIGA-TRAP resulted in a marginal resonant
enhancement with = -8.89(58) keV excess energy to the 1322.152(22) keV 0+
excited state in W-184. State-of-the-art energy density functional calculations
are applied for the evaluation of the nuclear matrix elements to the excited
states predicting a strong suppression due to the large deformation of mother
and daughter states. The half-life of the transition in Os-184 exceeds T_{1/2}
> 1.3 10^{29} years for an effective neutrino mass of 1 eV.Comment: accepted in Phys. Rev.
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