Eksplorasi Pembelajaran Operasi Pecahan Siswa Sekolah Dasar Menurut Teori Gravemeijer di Kabupaten Ngada NTT

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perkembangan belajar operasi pecahan siswa sekolah dasar menurut teori Gravemeijer di Kabupaten Ngada NTT. Jenis penelitian kualitatif fenomenologi digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian. Dalam penelitian ini hypothetical learning trajectory (HLT) memainkan peranan penting sebagai instrumen penelitian. Perangkat pembelajaran yang disusun untuk menjalankan serangkaian aktivitas belajar dalam HLT telah dikonsultasikan dengan dua orang ahli Pembelajaran Matematika selanjutnya diujicoba pada kelompok kecil yaitu lima siswa Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar Katolik Bomari Langa pada tahap eksperimen pilot. Selanjutnya HLT dibandingkan dalam proses pembelajaran sebenarnya pada tahap eksperimen pengajaran dengan 24 siswa. Berdasarkan analisis ditemukan bahwa siswa dapat berkembang dalam belajar operasi pecahan dengan menggunakan tingkat aktivitas yang berbeda berdasarkan pendekatan PMR menurut teori Gravemeijer. Pada level pertama yaitu level situasional, Drama Matematika dapat menstimulasi pengetahuan informal siswa tentang prosedur operasi penjumlahan dan pengurangan pecahan. Pada level referensial, untaian manik-manik dan kartu pecahan menjadi model dari situasi drama matematika yang merupakan jembatan menuju gagasan penggunaan garis bilangan untuk operasi penjumlahan dan pengurangan pecahan. Pada level ketiga yaitu level general, siswa dapat menggunakan garis bilangan sebagai model untuk operasi penjumlahan dan pengurangan pecahan. Pada level formal, dengan bantuan untaian bilangan membawa siswa mengkonstruksi soal cerita sendiri dan menyelesaikan soal cerita yang dihasilkan dengan prosedur formal operasi penjumlahan dan pengurangan pecahan

INVESTIGASI PERKEMBANGAN BELAJAR SISWA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR DI KABUPATEN NGADA, NTT DALAM OPERASI PENJUMLAHAN DAN PENGURANGAN PECAHAN

Makalah ini dimaksudkan untuk memaparkan pelaksanaan eksperimen pembelajaran operasi penjumlahan dan pengurangan pecahan yang telah dilaksanakan di kelas IV Sekolah Dasar Katolik Bomari Langa, Ngada, Flores NTT, dengan level aktivitas berdasarkan pendekatan Pendidikan Realistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa dapat menggunakan banyak strategi ketika proses pembelajaran dilaksanakan secara bertahap berdasarkan tingkatan pemodelan yang berbeda. Dalam level situasional, siswa dapat menggambarkan masalah kontekstual yang diberikan berdasarkan pengalaman (aktivitas) membagi makanan ringan dan pengalaman menaikkan-menurunkan penumpang Bemo. Dalam level referential siswa dapat memperagakan aktivitas situasional yang telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan untaian manik-manik yang telah digantungkan kartu pecahan. Gambaran dari untaian manik-manik yang telah digantungkan kartu pecahan (model of) merupakan jembatan yang membawa siswa menuju pada level general dimana garis bilangan digunakan digunakan sebagai model for penalaran matematika formal. Pada level formal, dengan dibimbing oleh untaian bilangan pecahan, siswa dapat mengkonstruksi soal cerita sendiri yang berhubungan dengan operasi pecahan dan menyelesaikannya secara formal. Kata kunci: membagi makanan ringan, menaikan dan menurunkan penumpang bemo, penjumlahan dan pengurangan pecahan, matematika realistik

Synaptic tagging and capture : differential role of distinct calcium/calmodulin kinases in protein synthesis-dependent long-term potentiation

Weakly tetanized synapses in area CA1 of the hippocampus that ordinarily display long-term potentiation lasting ~3 h (called early-LTP) will maintain a longer-lasting change in efficacy (late-LTP) if the weak tetanization occurs shortly before or after strong tetanization of an independent, but convergent, set of synapses in CA1. The synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis explains this heterosynaptic influence on persistence in terms of a distinction between local mechanisms of synaptic tagging and cell-wide mechanisms responsible for the synthesis, distribution, and capture of plasticity-related proteins (PRPs). We now present evidence that distinct CaM kinase (CaMK) pathways serve a dissociable role in these mechanisms. Using a hippocampal brain-slice preparation that permits stable long-term recordings in vitro for >10 h and using hippocampal cultures to validate the differential drug effects on distinct CaMK pathways, we show that tag setting is blocked by the CaMK inhibitor KN-93 (2-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)]-N-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)amino-N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylbenzylamine) that, at low concentration, is more selective for CaMKII. In contrast, the CaMK kinase inhibitor STO-609 [7H-benzimidazo(2,1-a)benz(de)isoquinoline-7-one-3-carboxylic acid] specifically limits the synthesis and/or availability of PRPs. Analytically powerful three-pathway protocols using sequential strong and weak tetanization in varying orders and test stimulation over long periods of time after LTP induction enable a pharmacological dissociation of these distinct roles of the CaMK pathways in late-LTP and so provide a novel framework for the molecular mechanisms by which synaptic potentiation, and possibly memories, become stabilized

Geographical study on residential structure of Tokyo 23 wards and the suburban areas

Thesis--University of Tsukuba, D.Sc.(B), no. 595, 1990.3.2

A new era for functional labeling of neurons: activity-dependent promoters have come of age

Genetic labeling of neurons with a specific response feature is an emerging technology for precise dissection of brain circuits that are functionally heterogeneous at the single-cell level. While immediate early gene mapping has been widely used for decades to identify brain regions which are activated by external stimuli, recent characterization of the promoter and enhancer elements responsible for neuronal activity-dependent transcription have opened new avenues for live imaging of active neurons. Indeed, these advancements provided the basis for a growing repertoire of novel experiments to address the role of active neuronal networks in cognitive behaviors. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the usage and development of activity-dependent promoters and discuss the future directions of this expanding new field

A case report of intracranial hemorrhage after spinal anesthesia

Abstract Background Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) after spinal anesthesia is a rare complication. We experienced a patient who developed CSDH after postdural puncture headache (PDPH) following combined spinal and epidural anesthesia (CSE). Case presentation A 38-week-gestation parturient with a history of previous cesarean delivery underwent elective cesarean section under CSE. She had been receiving aspirin therapy for Kawasaki disease for many years. She developed a symptom of PDPH 1 day after the surgery. Fluid administration and analgesics were started. Although the headache was relatively severe and persistent, it suddenly disappeared on the third postoperative day. Aspirin administration was restarted on the third postoperative day, and the patient was discharged 1 week after the surgery. 2 weeks after being discharged, she was readmitted to our hospital for severe headache and was diagnosed as having CSDH. An epidural blood patch was performed, resulting in resolution of the hematoma. Conclusions We experienced a case of CSDH after PDPH in a patient who was receiving aspirin therapy. Aspirin therapy should be restarted after confirmation of the absence of headache. We should consider the possibility of unexpected disappearance of PDPH in the postoperative period may be due to the development of CSDH

Three-pulse multiplex coherent anti-Stokes/Stokes Raman scattering (CARS/CSRS) microspectroscopy using a white-light laser source

We have developed a three-pulse non-degenerate multiplex coherent Raman microspectroscopic system using a white-light laser source. The fundamental output (1064 nm) of a Nd:YAG laser is used for the pump radiation with the white-light laser output (1100–1700 nm) for the Stokes radiation to achieve broadband multiplex excitations of vibrational coherences. The second harmonic (532 nm) of the same Nd:YAG laser is used for the probe radiation. Thanks to the large wavelength difference between the pump and probe radiations, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and coherent Stokes Raman scattering (CSRS) can be detected simultaneously. Simultaneous detection of CARS and CSRS enables us to obtain information on the electronic resonance effect that affects differently the CARS and CSRS signals. Simultaneous analysis of the CARS and CSRS signals provides us the imaginary part of χ(3) without introducing any arbitrary parameter in the maximum entropy method (MEM)