Efeitos da ventilação em posição prona na lesão pulmonar aguda leve induzida por injeção de lipopolysaccharide intraperitoneal em ratos Wistar

Introduction: Prone position has been studied as a ventilator strategy among patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. The benefits of prone position ventilation, including reduction in the mortality, are well demonstrated in the severe but not in milder forms of this syndrome. We therefore investigated the effects of the prone position on arterial blood gases, lung inflammation and histology in an experimental model of mild acute lung injury in rats. Methods: Acute lung injury was induced in adult male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide injection (5 mg/kg). After 24h, the animals with PaO2/FIO2 between 200 and 300 mmHg were anesthetized and randomized into 2 groups according to their position during ventilation (prone [n=6] and supine [n=6]). Both groups were compared to a control group (n=5) that received intraperitoneal saline and was ventilated in the supine position. All of the groups were ventilated for 1h with volume-controlled ventilation mode, with tidal volume of 6 ml/kg, respiratory rate of 80 breaths/min, positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cmH2O, and an inspired oxygen fraction of 1. Results: Significantly higher lung injury scores were observed in the LPS-supine group compared to LPS-prone and control groups (0.32 ± 0.03; 0.17 ± 0.03 and 0.13 ± 0.04, respectively) (p<0.001), mainly due to a higher neutrophil infiltration level in the interstitial space and more proteinaceous debris in the airspaces. Similar differences were observed when the gravitational dependent lung regions (dorsal in the supine group and ventral in the prone group – 0.34 ± 0.05 and 0.22 ± 0.04, respectively) (p < 0.05) and non-dependent lung regions (ventral in the supine group and dorsal in the prone group – 0.29 ± 0.04 and 0.13 ± 0.04, respectively) (p < 0.05) were analyzed separately. The BAL neutrophil content was also higher in the LPS-supine group compared to the LPSprone and control groups. There were no significant differences in the wet/dry ratio and gas exchange levels among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this experimental extrapulmonary mild acute lung injury model, prone position ventilation for 1 hour, when compared with supine position ventilation, was associated with lower lung inflammation and injury, but without any impact on arterial oxygenation and lung edema.Introdução: A posição prona tem sido estudada como estratégia ventilatória em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo. Seus benefícios, inclusive com redução da mortalidade, estão bem estabelecidos nas formas graves da síndrome, mas não em formas mais leves. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito da posição prona nas trocas gasosas, inflamação e histologia pulmonar, em modelo experimental de lesão pulmonar aguda leve em ratos. Métodos: A lesão pulmonar aguda foi induzida em ratos Wistar, machos, adultos, através da injeção de lipopolissacarídeo da Escherichia coli (5 mg/Kg). Após 24 h, os animais com PaO2/FIO2 entre 200 e 300 mmHg foram anestesiados e randomizados dentro de 2 grupos de acordo com a sua posição durante a ventilação (prona [n=6] e supina [n=6]). Ambos os grupos foram comparados com um grupo controle [n=5] que recebeu solução salina a 0,9% intraperitoneal e foi ventilado em posição supina. Todos os grupos foram ventilados por 1 h em modo ventilatório volumecontrolado, com volume corrente de 6 ml/Kg, frequência respiratória de 80 irpm, pressão positiva ao final da expiração de 5 cmH2O e uma fração inspirada de oxigênio de 1. Resultados: O escore de lesão pulmonar foi significativamente maior no grupo LPS-supino, em comparação com os grupos LPS-prono e controle (0,32 ± 0,03; 0,17 ± 0,03 e 0,13 ± 0,04, respectivamente) (p < 0,001), devido a uma maior infiltração de neutrófilos no espaço intersticial e maior presença de debris proteicos na luz alveolar. Esta maior lesão pulmonar no grupo LPS-supino foi observada tanto nas regiões pulmonares dependentes da gravidade (dorsal no grupo supino e ventral no grupo prono – 0,34 ± 0,05 e 0,22 ± 0,04, respectivamente) (p < 0,05), quanto nas não dependentes (ventral no grupo supino e dorsal no grupo prono – 0,29 ± 0,04 e 0,13 ± 0,04, respectivamente) (p < 0,05). O contagem de neutrófilos no LBA foi maior no grupo LPS-supino, comparado com os grupos LPS prono e controle. Não houve diferenças significativas na relação peso úmido/peso seco e nas trocas gasosas entre os três grupos. Conclusões: Neste modelo experimental de lesão pulmonar aguda leve extrapulmonar, a ventilação em posição prona por 1 hora, quando comparada com a ventilação em posição supino, associou-se a menor lesão e inflamação pulmonar, mas sem impacto na oxigenação arterial e no edema pulmonar.FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerai

Pre-treatment with dexamethasone attenuates experimental ventilator-induced lung injury

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effects that administering dexamethasone before the induction of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) has on the temporal evolution of that injury. Methods: Wistar rats were allocated to one of three groups: pre-VILI administration of dexamethasone (dexamethasone group); pre-VILI administration of saline (control group); or ventilation only (sham group). The VILI was induced by ventilation at a high tidal volume. Animals in the dexamethasone and control groups were euthanized at 0, 4, 24, and 168 h after VILI induction. We analyzed arterial blood gases, lung edema, cell counts (total and differential) in the BAL fluid, and lung histology. Results: At 0, 4, and 24 h after VILI induction, acute lung injury (ALI) scores were higher in the control group than in the sham group (p < 0.05). Administration of dexamethasone prior to VILI induction decreased the severity of the lung injury. At 4 h and 24 h after induction, the ALI score in the dexamethasone group was not significantly different from that observed for the sham group and was lower than that observed for the control group (p < 0.05). Neutrophil counts in BAL fluid were increased in the control and dexamethasone groups, peaking at 4 h after VILI induction (p < 0.05). However, the neutrophil counts were lower in the dexamethasone group than in the control group at 4 h and 24 h after induction (p < 0.05). Pre-treatment with dexamethasone also prevented the post-induction oxygenation impairment seen in the control group. Conclusions: Administration of dexamethasone prior to VILI induction attenuates the effects of the injury in Wistar rats. The molecular mechanisms of such injury and the possible clinical role of corticosteroids in VILI have yet to be elucidated

The effects of prone position ventilation on experimental mild acute lung injury induced by intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide injection in rats

The benefits of prone position ventilation are well demonstrated in the severe forms of acute respiratory distress syndrome, but not in the milder forms. We investigated the effects of prone position on arterial blood gases, lung inflammation, and histology in an experimental mild acute lung injury (ALI) model. ALI was induced in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg). After 24 h, the animals with PaO2/FIO2 between 200 and 300 mmHg were randomized into 2 groups: prone position (n = 6) and supine position (n = 6). Both groups were compared with a control group (n = 5) that was ventilated in the supine position. All of the groups were ventilated for 1 h with volume-controlled ventilation mode (tidal volume = 6 ml/kg, respiratory rate = 80 breaths/min, positive end-expiratory pressure = 5 cmH2O, inspired oxygen fraction = 1). Significantly higher lung injury scores were observed in the LPS-supine group compared to the LPS-prone and control groups (0.32 ± 0.03; 0.17 ± 0.03 and 0.13 ± 0.04, respectively) (p < 0.001), mainly due to a higher neutrophil infiltration level in the interstitial space and more proteinaceous debris that filled the airspaces. Similar differences were observed when the gravity-dependent lung regions and non-dependent lung regions were analyzed separately (p < 0.05). The BAL neutrophil content was also higher in the LPS-supine group compared to the LPS-prone and control groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the wet/dry ratio and gas exchange levels. In this experimental extrapulmonary mild ALI model, prone position ventilation for 1 h, when compared with supine position ventilation, was associated with lower lung inflammation and injury.Rede Mineira TOXIFARFundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Center of Reproductive BiologyPrograma de Apoio ao Recém-Doutor/Propesq/UFJF (2013/2014)1.915 JCR (2016) Q3, 41/59 Respiratory SystemUE