Применение комплексного вейвлет-преобразования для анализа когерентности ЭЭГ-сигналов

Существует множество методов анализа функциональной связности областей мозга, активность которых регистрируется посредством электроэнцефалографии (ЭЭГ). Одной из надежных и эффективных метрик для оценки взаимодействия ЭЭГ-сигналов является мнимая часть когерентности, которая основана на преобразовании Фурье. В данной работе предлагается применение непрерывного комплексного вейвлет-преобразования для однозначной оценки взаимодействия сигналов с учетом динамического характера спектральных характеристик ЭЭГ-данных

Severity evaluation of bhronic polypous rhinosinusitis based on changes of IL-1β cytokine and IL-1ra concentrations in nasal secretions

We provide the data on distribution of IL-1β and IL-1ra cytokine concentrations in nasal secretions from the patients with different forms of chronic polypous rhinosinusitis. The control group (group 1) included healthy persons. The second group consisted of patients exhibiting chronic polypous rhinosinusitis (CRS-NP), free of clinical signs of purulent inflammation in paranasal sinuses and/or bronchial asthma. The patients of group 3 were diagnosed with chronic purulent polypous rhinosinusitis (CPRS-NP). Group 4 consisted of the patients with chronic polypoid rhinosinusitis complicated by bronchial asthma (CRS-NP + BA). Cytokine concentration was determined by means of ELISA tests for all the patient groups. We have found that the local concentrations of IL-1ra and IL-1β cytokines were significantly different (p < 0.05) from the group of healthy individuals, dependent on the clinical forms of chronic polyposis. IL-1β concentrations in the group of patients with CRS-NP (No. 2) were increased 5-fold, for group of CPRS-NP patients (No. 3), these levels showed a 15.5-fold increase. In the group of patients with CRS-NP + BA (No. 4), the Il-1 levels were 13fold higher in comparison with healthy controls. The IL-1ra concentration in the group of healthy people (No. 1) was 1825.64+463.70 pg/ml. Upon development of CRS-NP (No. 2), an increase in its values up to 3646.21±263.39 pg/ml was registered. Upon development of CPRS-NP (No. 3), an increase in appropriate values up to 2305.33±282.86 pg/ml was noted, and, in cases of CRS-NP + BA, a decrease in its values to 956.15±213.02 pg/ml was observed.Meanwhile, a conflicting character was revealed for the changes in these cytokines, thus preventing their usage as an indicator of polyposis severity. At the same time, estimation of the CIL-1ra/CIL- 1β ratio in nasal secretions of the patients in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 based on two-dimensional projection of the spatial CIL-1ra/ CIL-1β distribution provides a basis for discrimination of the patient groups. The CIL-1ra/ CIL-1β ratio as assessed for nasal secretions of patients belonging to groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 shows a general, statistically significant decrease with increasing severity of chronic polyposis (p < 0.001), thus making this parameter indiformative for intensity of the pathological process. The resulting 95% confidence intervals confirm that the cytokine ratios are promising parameter in order to estimate the efficiency of immune therapy

Holocene vegetation and climate history in Baikal Siberia reconstructed from pollen records and its implications for archaeology

Past research has greatly improved our understanding of palaeoenvironmental changes in the Lake Baikal Region, but at the same time has indicated intra-regional variations in this vast study area. Here we present a new AMS-dated late glacial-middle Holocene (ca. 13,500-4000 cal. yr BP) pollen record from Lake Ochaul (54 degrees 14'N, 106 degrees 28'E; altitude 641 m a.s.l.) situated in the less-studied area of Cis-Baikal and compare reconstructed vegetation and climate dynamics with the published environmental history of Trans-Baikal based on the pollen record from Lake Kotokel (52 degrees 47'N, 108 degrees 07'E; altitude 458 m a.s.l.). Although both records show comparable major long-term trends in vegetation, there are considerable differences. Around Ochaul the landscape was relatively open during the Younger Dryas stadial, but forest vegetation started to spread at the late glacial/Holocene transition (ca. 11,650 cal. yr BP), thus ca. 1000 years earlier than around Kotokel. While in both regions taiga forests spread during the early and middle Holocene, the marked increase in Scots pine pollen in the Kotokel record after ca. 6800 cal. yr BP is not seen in that from Ochaul, where birch and coniferous taxa, such as Siberian pine, larch, spruce and fir, dominate, indicating different environmental conditions and driving forces in both study regions. However, the pollen data from Ochaul emphasizes that the Cis-Baikal area also saw a continuous increase in forest cover and in the proportion of conifers over birch trees and shrubs during the early-middle Holocene, which may have contributed to a decrease in the number of large herbivores, the main food resource of the Early Neolithic hunter-gatherer groups. This and rather abrupt reorganization of atmospheric circulation, which affected atmospheric precipitation distribution resulting in thicker and longer-lasting snow cover, may have led to a collapse of Early Neolithic Kitoi populations ca. 6660 cal. yr BP followed by a cultural "hiatus" in the archaeological records during the Middle Neolithic phase (ca. 6660-6060 cal. yr BP). The results stress the importance of sub-regional palaeoenvironmental studies and the need for a representative network of well-dated, high-resolution sediment archives for a better understanding of environmental changes and their potential impacts on the hunter-gatherer populations in the archaeologically-defined micro-regions

Basin morphology and seismic stratigraphy of Lake Kotokel, Baikal region, Russia

The basin of Lake Kotokel, located along the eastern shore of Lake Baikal, Russia, has attracted several scientific projects to investigate the climate, vegetation and lake history throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. However, little was known about its basin structure and sediment architecture. Echo sounding and 3.5 kHz single frequency sub-bottom profiling were used to decipher the basin morphology and seismic stratigraphy to a depth of approximately 50 m. The bathymetric map shows a very shallow lake of 4 m mean water depth and an almost flat lake bottom. A distinct elongated small-sized depression of up to 12 m water depth between the north-western coast and a small island developed along an NW-SE-oriented fault line. A total of 46 km of seismic profiles crossing the lake along 12 transects shows that the bottom sediments consist of three different facies, which accords to previously analyzed core sequences. Several distortions of sediment layers at various sites indicate tectonically induced impact, which resulted in up to 3 m vertical offsets of sediment packages at local sites. The offsets indicate a probably still active fault along the western shoreline of the lake. Soft gyttja of the upper 6 m does not show distortions and may have obscured potential younger tectonic activity. The sediments date to the Late Pleistocene. Small updoming features along the boundary between layers I and II may be assigned to degassing processes or to seismic activity. River channel fills along the north-eastern coast are indicative of a lower lake level prior to 15 ka BP. The sediment stratigraphy indicates that suitable coring sites for paleoclimate studies are only located in the southern part of the basin where almost undisturbed sediments can be expected. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA

Basin morphology and seismic stratigraphy of Lake Kotokel, Baikal region, Russia

The basin of Lake Kotokel, located along the eastern shore of Lake Baikal, Russia, has attracted several scientific projects to investigate the climate, vegetation and lake history throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. However, little was known about its basin structure and sediment architecture. Echo sounding and 3.5 kHz single frequency sub-bottom profiling were used to decipher the basin morphology and seismic stratigraphy to a depth of approximately 50 m. The bathymetric map shows a very shallow lake of 4 m mean water depth and an almost flat lake bottom. A distinct elongated small-sized depression of up to 12 m water depth between the north-western coast and a small island developed along an NW-SE-oriented fault line. A total of 46 km of seismic profiles crossing the lake along 12 transects shows that the bottom sediments consist of three different facies, which accords to previously analyzed core sequences. Several distortions of sediment layers at various sites indicate tectonically induced impact, which resulted in up to 3 m vertical offsets of sediment packages at local sites. The offsets indicate a probably still active fault along the western shoreline of the lake. Soft gyttja of the upper 6 m does not show distortions and may have obscured potential younger tectonic activity. The sediments date to the Late Pleistocene. Small updoming features along the boundary between layers I and II may be assigned to degassing processes or to seismic activity. River channel fills along the north-eastern coast are indicative of a lower lake level prior to 15 ka BP. The sediment stratigraphy indicates that suitable coring sites for paleoclimate studies are only located in the southern part of the basin where almost undisturbed sediments can be expected. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA

Study of local inflammatory response in different clinical forms of chronic polypous rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects 5-12% of the world’s adult population. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) accounts for 25-30% of all cases of CRS. CRSwNP-associated inflammatory process in nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses depends on the characteristics of local immunity, including expression of a number of cytokines. The aim of this work was to investigate the parameters of local immunity in various clinical forms of CRSwNP. In this work, the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-8, antimicrobial function of neutrophils from the nasal cavity was evaluated, along with histological and immunohistochemical studies of polyposis tissue. The study included 4 groups of patients: a control group of practically healthy individuals, patients with CRSwNP, clinical cases with chronic purulent rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps (CPRSwNP), and patients with CRSwNP complicated by bronchial asthma (CRSwNP + BA), including the cases with asthmatic triad (CRSwNP + intolerance to NSAIDs + BA). The patients were classified on the basis of their clinical characteristics and severity of the course of the disease. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-8 concentrations in nasal secretions were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To assess functional activity of neutrophils, a lysosomal cationic test was used on the smears from mucous surface of inferior turbinate. Histological examination of the polypous tissue biopsies was performed in slices stained with Carazzi’s hematoxylin and eosin. IL-1β and IL-8 location in the polypous tissue were detected by indirect immunohistochemistry. In all groups of the patients, IL-1β and IL-8 concentrations exceeded those in the control group. The levels of IL-1β in the groups with CPRSwNP, CRSwNP + BA were significantly increased as compared with the CRSwNP group. IL-8 concentrations in the CRSwNP and CPRSwNP groups were significantly higher than in the CRSwNP + BA group. When analyzing antimicrobial function of neutrophils, the decreased average values of cytochemical coefficient were shown in CPRSwNP and CRSwNP + BA groups, compared with the control group and CRSwNP. In all clinical forms of CPMS, complex histopathological changes were observed, including leukocyte infiltration, fibrosis, edema, and collagen depositions. In addition, the integrity of epithelial layer was found to be damaged in polyposis, epithelial metaplasia is detected as well as increased mucus production. These disorders lead to a decrease in muco-ciliary clearance in nasal cavity. The most significant pathomorphological changes occur in CRSwNP + BA, especially in cases of asthmatic triad. According to immunohistochemical data, in various forms of CRSwNP, IL-1β- and IL-8-positive leukocytes, predominantly macrophages, are detected in the polypous tissue both subepithelially and in the connective tissue stroma of the polyps. Changed concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in nasal secretion of the patients, altered antimicrobial activity of mucosal neutrophils, and characteristic pathomorphological disorders in polypous tissue of patients with CRSwNP are associated with severity of inflammatory process and clinical course of the disease. The results obtained are essential to understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis in various subgroups of CRSwNP, assessing severity of the disease and efficiency of the treatment applied

Effect of immune drugs to treat acute viral nasopharyngitis

The task in treating acute nasopharyngitis (ANP) deals with reducing the disease symptoms and the risk of complications. The lack of reliable antiviral drugs makes it important to search for appropriate medicines among other pharmacotherapeutic groups.The study involves a comparative analysis of the efficiency and estimates potential: the recombinant interferon α2b and the compound containing fungal β-D-glucans used in treat ANPThe studies involved patients with ANP from 18 to 55 years old. As many as 152 people were examined including the following: 38 were practically healthy people (group 1); and 114 patients wuth ANP: 38 people (group 2) was subject to a standard therapy (vasoconstrictor nasal drops, nasal cavity irrigation using 0.1% Miramistine solution, gargling using the Furacilin solution); forty people (group 3) were administered application of intranasal interferon α2b of 105 IU, it was delivered with a spray into each nasal passage twice a day; 36 people (group 4) were administered an immunotropic drug containing β-D-glucans orally twice a day. The duration of drug administration lasted 7 days. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the ANP etiological factor. Concentrations of cytokines IL-1β, IL-1ra were estimated using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) technique. Clinical efficiency was assessed through score approach. The following symptoms were taken into account: general malaise, sore throat, character of nasal discharge, and the difficulty of nasal breathing. The results of the study were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. In 60.0% the nasal secretions of patients revealed RV. The distribution of cytokine concentrations in nasal secretions in group 1 indicated that the concentration of IL-1β was in the range of 20.0-25.0 pg/ml, and the concentration of IL-1ra was about 1250.0-2500.0 pg/ml. Developing ANP stimulated an increase in IL-1β concentration up to 30.0-70.0 pg/ml in nasal secretions of patients without affecting IL-1ra concentrations. On day 7 of treatment, the cytokine concentrations among the patients treated using the immunotropic drugs were the same as in the group of healthy individuals. There were no significant changes in cytokine production on day 7 in the group of patients undergoing the standard treatment. Application of proposed immunobiological medicines to ANP does not result in overproduction of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in nasal secretion. This confirms that these drugs are promising in the treating strategy including reduction of the risk of developing complications

Formation of Marketing Strategy at Environmentally Determined Enterprise

Actuality of this research is caused by necessity for implementation into practice of economic activities of Russian enterprises of modern methods of ecological marketing which should adequately reflect ecological aspects of enterprise’s activity of its operative component (preparation and implementation of the process of production and provision of services) and of the sphere of management (including cooperation of enterprise with external environment as to problems of ecology and its obligations, including waste recovery), for the purpose of maximal reduction of possible negative consequences for ecosystem and human. Under modern market conditions, ecological marketing is gaining larger significance in the formation and implementation of functions of ecological policy of enterprise, which is caused by increase of responsibility of producers of goods and services before consumers and society in whole. Ecological marketing gives the possibility not only to implement the process of strategic target setting but also shows solutions to many difficulties related do emergence of ecological risk. At that, perceiving of ecological risk by society largely determines the relation of specific enterprise (or type of technology, products, or services) in no lesser way than actual characteristic of influence of production process. This circumstance, which characterizes the actuality and importance of a problem, determined the topic of this article. The conducted research pursued scientific & practical goals which correspond to tasks of formation of modern marketing strategies at environmentally determined enterprise. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s1p36

Коронавирусная инфекция у детей в Омской области

The study of the infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is highly relevant. Objective: To study the clinical and epidemiological features of a new coronavirus infection in children in the city of Omsk and the Omsk region during the 2020 epidemic. Materials and methods. We conducted a retrospective study of 68 children aged 1—18 years diagnosed with new coronavirus disease and receiving medical treatment in Infectious Diseases Hospital of City Children's Clinical Hospital № in Omsk between April and September 2020. In all children, the diagnosis was confirmed by examination of nasopharyngeal / oropharyngeal swabs for RNA SARS-CoV-2 by PCR. Results. Among those hospitalized prevailed children over 10 years old (61.7%), no reliable difference based on sex was observed. 83.8% of children contacted with COVID-19-infected people. Most children had the new coronavirus infection in mild form (61.8%) with upper respiratory tract damage. Pneumonia was recorded only in 16.2% of examined children over the age of 10. The key clinical symptoms in childhood were: yawn hyperemia, fever and cough. Impaired sense of smell in the form of hyposmia and anosmia developed only in children over the age of 10. Leukopenia detection in blood in moderate forms correlated with the presence of pneumonia. Conclusion. Given the mild course of COVID-19 in children, early isolation and treatment on an outpatient basis should be considered the most effective approach to patient management.Изучение инфекции, вызванной коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2, весьма актуально. Цель: изучить клинико-эпидемиологические особенности новой коронавирусной инфекции у детей в г. Омске и Омской области в период эпидемии 2020 года. Материалы и методы. Было проведено ретроспективное исследование историй болезни 68 детей в возрасте от 1 года до 18 лет с новой коронавирусной инфекцией, находившихся на лечении в инфекционном стационаре БУЗОО ГДКБ № 3 г. Омска в период с апреля по сентябрь 2020 г. У всех детей диагноз был подтвержден путем исследования мазков из носо/ротоглотки на наличие РНК SARS-CoV-2 методом ПЦР. Результаты. Среди госпитализированных преобладали дети старше 10 лет (61,7%), достоверной разницы в зависимости от пола выявлено не было. У 83,8% детей был установлен контакт с больными COVID-19. У большинства детей новая коронавирусная инфекция протекала в легкой форме (61,8%) с поражением верхних дыхательных путей. Наличие пневмонии регистрировалось только у 16,2% обследуемых в возрасте старше 10 лет. Ведущими клиническими симптомами в детском возрасте были: гиперемия ротоглотки, лихорадка и кашель. Нарушение обоняния в виде гипо- и аносмии развивалось только у детей в возрасте старше 10 лет. Выявление в крови лейкопении при среднетяжелых формах коррелировало с наличием пневмонии. Заключение. Учитывая легкое течение COVID-19 у детей, наиболее эффективным подходом к курации больных следует считать раннюю изоляцию и лечение в амбулаторных условиях

Insight into the Last Glacial Maximum climate and environments of the Baikal region

This study presents a multi-proxy record from Lake Kotokel in the Baikal region at decadal-to-multidecadal resolution and provides a reconstruction of terrestrial and aquatic environments in the area during a 2000-year interval of globally harsh climate often referred to as the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The studied lake is situated near the eastern shoreline of Lake Baikal, in a climatically sensitive zone that hosts boreal taiga and cold deciduous forests, coldsteppe associationstypical for northern Mongolia, and mountain tundravegetation.The results provide a detailed picture of the period in focus, indicating (i) a driest phase (c. 24.0–23.4 cal. ka BP) with low precipitation, high summer evaporation, and low lake levels, (ii) a transitional interval of unstable conditions (c. 23.4–22.6 cal. ka BP), and (iii) a phase ( c. 22.6–22.0 cal. ka BP) of relatively high precipitation (and moisture availability) and relatively high lake levels. One hotly debated issue in late Quaternary research is regional summer thermal conditions during the LGM. Our chironomid-based reconstruction suggests at least 3.5 °C higher than present summer temperatures between c. 22.6 and 22.0 cal. ka BP, which are well in line with warmer and wetter conditions in the North Atlantic region inferred from Greenland ice-cores. Overall, it appears that environments in central Eurasia during the LGM were affected by much colder than present winter temperatures and higher than present summer temperatures, although the effects of temperature oscillations were strongly influenced by changes in humidity