Vitamin D intake is associated with insulin sensitivity in African American, but not European American, women

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is higher among African Americans (AA) vs European Americans (EA), independent of obesity and other known confounders. Although the reason for this disparity is not known, it is possible that relatively low levels of vitamin D among AA may contribute, as vitamin D has been positively associated with insulin sensitivity in some studies. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that dietary vitamin D would be associated with a robust measure of insulin sensitivity in AA and EA women.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Subjects were 115 African American (AA) and 137 European American (EA) healthy, premenopausal women. Dietary intake was determined with 4-day food records; the insulin sensitivity index (S_I) with a frequently-sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling; the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) with fasting insulin and glucose; and body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Vitamin D intake was positively associated with S_I(standardized β = 0.18, <it>P </it>= 0.05) and inversely associated with HOMA-IR (standardized β = -0.26, <it>P </it>= 0.007) in AA, and the relationships were independent of age, total body fat, energy intake, and % kcal from fat. Vitamin D intake was not significantly associated with indices of insulin sensitivity/resistance in EA (standardized β = 0.03, <it>P </it>= 0.74 and standardized β = 0.02, <it>P </it>= 0.85 for S_Iand HOMA-IR, respectively). Similar to vitamin D, dietary calcium was associated with S_Iand HOMA-IR among AA but not EA.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study provides novel findings that dietary vitamin D and calcium were independently associated with insulin sensitivity in AA, but not EA. Promotion of these nutrients in the diet may reduce health disparities in type 2 diabetes risk among AA, although longitudinal and intervention studies are required.</p

Pilot Study to Explore the Accuracy of Current Prediction Equations in Assessing Energy Needs of Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme

Hace años se plantea y fundamenta por qué el teatro debe ser parte de la educación formal como una de las materias valiosas para la formación integral de los estudiantes de todas las edades. Muchas acciones han dado su fruto y ya se han creado cargos de docentes del lenguaje específico o se han ampliado programas que proponen su enseñanza sistemática y continuada. Por eso, propongo en este texto ampliar el planteo e ir más allá del pedido de incorporación de la enseñanza del lenguaje teatral. Voy a partir del avance que implicó pasar de considerar al teatro en la escuela como una actividad marginal, extracurricular, o presente en eventos aislados, a la significatividad y legitimación que se habilitó a partir de diferentes proyectos y programas acompañados por la prescripción de contenidos específicos y orientaciones para la enseñanza en diferentes documentos curriculares.Dramatiza La Plat

Influence of distribution of lean body mass on resting metabolic rate after weight loss and weight regain: Comparison of responses in white and black women

Background: Little is known about the effect of weight change on regional lean body mass (LBM) distribution or on racial differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR). \ud \ud Objective: The study compared total and regional LBM patterns in white and black women after weight loss and regain and assessed the influence of regional LBM on variances in RMR. \ud \ud Design: Eighteen white and 22 black women who did not differ in age, weight, and height were studied 3 times: in the overweight state, after weight reduction to the normal-weight state, and after 1 y without intervention. Total and regional lean and fat masses were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. \ud \ud Results: White and black women did not differ significantly in mean (± SD) weight loss (13.4 ± 3.6 and 12.7 ± 3.2 kg, respectively) and regain (6.1 ± 5.5 and 6.4 ± 5.4 kg, respectively). Black subjects had significantly less trunk LBM and significantly more limb LBM at each time point (P < 0.05). In both races, weight regain was associated with significant increases in limb LBM (P < 0.05) but not in trunk LBM (P = 0.21). RMR, adjusted for total LBM and fat mass, was significantly higher in white women after weight loss (P < 0.01) and regain (P < 0.01). However, no racial difference was found when RMR was adjusted for LBM distribution. \ud \ud Conclusions: In both races, trunk LBM decreased with weight loss and remained lower, despite significant weight regain, which potentially reflected decreased organ mass. Regional LBM distribution explained the racial difference in RMR

Resistance training conserves fat-free mass and resting energy expenditure following weight loss

Objective: To determine what effect diet-induced 12 kg weight loss in combination with exercise training has on body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE) in premenopausal African-American (AA) and European-American (EA) women.---\ud \ud Methods and Procedures: This study was a longitudinal, randomized weight loss clinical intervention, with either aerobic (AT), resistance (RT), or no exercise training (NT). Forty-eight AA and forty-six EA premenopausal overweight (BMI between 27 and 30) women underwent weight loss to a BMI <25. Body composition (densitometry), REE (indirect calorimetry), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and muscular strength (isometric elbow flexion) were evaluated when subjects were in energy balance.---\ud \ud Results: AA women lost less fat-free mass (FFM, P 0.05) (47.0 4.6 to 46.9 5.0 kg) than EA women (46.4 4.9 to 45.2 4.6 kg). Regardless of race, RT maintained FFM (P 0.05) following weight loss (46.9 5.2 to 47.2 5.0 kg) whereas AT (45.4 4.2 to 44.4 4.1 kg) and NT (47.9 4.7 to 46.4 5.1 kg) decreased FFM (P 0.05). Both AT and NT decreased in REE with weight loss but RT did not. Significant time by group interactions (all P 0.05) for strength indicated that RT maintained strength and AT did not.---\ud \ud Discussion: AA women lost less FFM than EA women during equivalent weight losses. However, following weight loss in both AA and EA, RT conserved FFM, REE, and strength fitness when compared to women who AT or did not train.\u