1D Sediment Transport Modeling for a Sustainable Sediment Management: Two Case Studies of Reservoir Flushing

Sediment Transpor

Numerical modelling of the sediment dynamics in Saint-Martin-la-Porte reservoir, France

Water Qualit

Losing the 'arms race': Multiresistant salmon lice are dispersed throughout the North Atlantic Ocean

Nothing lasts forever, including the effect of chemicals aimed to control pests in food production. As old pesticides have been compromised by emerging resistance, new ones have been introduced and turned the odds back in our favour. With time, however, some pests have developed multi-pesticide resistance, challenging our ability to control them. In salmonid aquaculture, the ectoparasitic salmon louse has developed resistance to most of the available delousing compounds. The discovery of genetic markers associated with resistance to organophosphates and pyrethroids made it possible for us to investigate simultaneous resistance to both compounds in approximately 2000 samples of salmon lice from throughout the North Atlantic in the years 2000–2016. We observed widespread and increasing multiresistance on the European side of the Atlantic, particularly in areas with intensive aquaculture. Multiresistant lice were also found on wild Atlantic salmon and sea trout, and also on farmed salmonid hosts in areas where delousing chemicals have not been used. In areas with intensive aquaculture, there are almost no lice left that are sensitive to both compounds. These results demonstrate the speed to which this parasite can develop widespread multiresistance, illustrating why the aquaculture industry has repeatedly lost the arms race with this highly problematic parasite.publishedVersio

Aquaculture-driven evolution: distribution of pyrethroid resistance in the salmon louse throughout the North Atlantic in the years 2000–2017

The parasitic salmon louse, and its documented resistance to chemotherapeutants, represents the most persistent environmental challenge to global salmonid aquaculture. We used a genetic marker associated with pyrethroid resistance to analyse ∼15 000 lice collected from the North Atlantic in the period 2000–2017. The genotype associated with resistance was not detected in lice collected from throughout the North Atlantic in the year 2000 or 2002. However, by the year 2009 onwards, it was found in lice from fish farms throughout much of the North Atlantic. It was also found in modest frequencies in lice collected from wild Atlantic salmon captured off Greenland. The most recent samples displayed very high frequencies of the genotype associated with resistance, particularly in intensive aquaculture regions of Norway (>90%) and Scotland (>70%). These results closely align with observations from the field. We suggest that pyrethroid resistance first emerged in Europe just before or around the year 2000 and was thereafter dispersed throughout much of the North Atlantic where its increased frequency was driven by extensive pyrethroid use. Although the resistant genotype was not detected in lice from Canada, it is likely to occur in very low frequencies that would quickly increase if pyrethroids were to be used in that region.publishedVersio

Aquaculture-driven evolution of the salmon louse mtDNA genome

Resistance toward the antiparasitic pyrethroid, deltamethrin, is reported in the Atlantic salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis salmonis), a persistent ectoparasite of farmed and wild salmonids. The resistance mechanism is linked to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), where genetic markers for resistance have been identified. Here, we investigated how widespread pyrethroid use in aquaculture may have influenced mtDNA variation in lice, and the dispersion of resistant haplotypes across the North Atlantic, using historical (2000–2002 “pre-resistance”) and contemporary (2014–2017 “post-resistance”) samples. To study this, we sequenced ATPase 6 and cytochrome b, genotyped two genetic markers for deltamethrin resistance, and genotyped microsatellites as “neutral” controls of potential population bottlenecks. Overall, we observed a modest reduction in mtDNA diversity in the period 2000–2017, but no reduction in microsatellite variation was observed. The reduction in mtDNA variation was especially distinct in two of the contemporary samples, fixed for one and two haplotypes, respectively. By contrast, all historical samples consisted of close to one mtDNA haplotype per individual. No population genetic structure was detected among the historical samples for mtDNA nor microsatellites. By contrast, significant population genetic differentiation was observed for mtDNA among some of the contemporary samples. However, the observed population genetic structure was tightly linked with the pattern of deltamethrin resistance, and we therefore conclude that it primarily reflects the transient mosaic of pyrethroid usage in time and space. Two historically undetected mtDNA haplotypes dominated in the contemporary samples, both of which were linked to deltamethrin resistance, demonstrating primarily two origins of deltamethrin resistance in the North Atlantic. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the widespread use of pyrethroids in commercial aquaculture has substantially altered the patterns of mtDNA diversity in lice across the North Atlantic, and that long-distance dispersion of resistance is rapid due to high level of genetic connectivity that is observed in this species.publishedVersio

Violent masculinities: Gendered dynamics of policing in Rio de Janeiro

Historically, policing in Rio de Janeiro has been shaped by the equation of racialized violence and masculinity. Attempts to reform the police have paradoxically drawn on forms of male violence that are centered on the rational and professional use of force and on “softer” practices, such as dialogue and collaboration, symbolically coded as feminine. The failure of police reform reflects the cultural salience of understandings of masculinity centered around violence within the police, historical patterns of policing in Rio, and political actors’ strategic cultivation of male violence. Through Rio de Janeiro's failed attempt at police reform, we theorize the relation between racialized state violence, authoritarian political projects, and transgressive forms of male violence, arguing that an important appeal of authoritarianism lies in its promise to carve out a space for performing what we call wild masculinity. [masculinity, race, police, violence, gender, politics, favela, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]publishedVersio

Overview of the current use of levosimendan in France: a prospective observational cohort study

Abstract Background Following the results of randomized controlled trials on levosimendan, French health authorities requested an update of the current use and side-effects of this medication on a national scale. Method The France-LEVO registry was a prospective observational cohort study reflecting the indications, dosing regimens, and side-effects of levosimendan, as well as patient outcomes over a year. Results The patients included ( n = 602) represented 29.6% of the national yearly use of levosimendan in France. They were treated for cardiogenic shock ( n = 250, 41.5%), decompensated heart failure ( n = 127, 21.1%), cardiac surgery-related low cardiac output prophylaxis and/or treatment ( n = 86, 14.3%), and weaning from veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ( n = 82, 13.6%). They received 0.18 ± 0.07 µg/kg/min levosimendan over 26 ± 8 h. An initial bolus was administered in 45 patients (7.5%), 103 (17.1%) received repeated infusions, and 461 (76.6%) received inotropes and or vasoactive agents concomitantly. Hypotension was reported in 218 patients (36.2%), atrial fibrillation in 85 (14.1%), and serious adverse events in 17 (2.8%). 136 patients (22.6%) died in hospital, and 26 (4.3%) during the 90-day follow-up. Conclusions We observed that levosimendan was used in accordance with recent recommendations by French physicians. Hypotension and atrial fibrillation remained the most frequent side-effects, while serious adverse event potentially attributable to levosimendan were infrequent. The results suggest that this medication was safe and potentially associated with some benefit in the population studied

Jews of Tunisia, fighting during the two world wars

Les juifs de Tunisie constituent une minorité au sein du protectorat français (1881-1956). Au début du XXème siècle, 90 % d’entre eux sont de nationalité tunisienne, et la naturalisation ne s’obtient que difficilement. Au regard de l’armée ils ont une situation particulière : selon la loi de recrutement instituée par le bey de Tunis et maintenue par le protectorat, les juifs tunisiens, sujets du bey, ne sont pas mobilisables. Lorsqu’éclatent les deux guerres mondiales, une partie de ces hommes fait la démarche de s’engager volontairement, encouragés par leurs coreligionnaires devenus Français et qui sont à ce titre mobilisés. Il a fallu multiplier les sources archivistiques, en France et en Tunisie, pour documenter au plus près les parcours d’un millier d’hommes et de femmes qui ont choisi de se battre pour la France dans les deux guerres mondiales. Le travail prosopographique fait apparaître leurs motivations au moment de l’entrée en guerre, leurs expériences combattantes sur tous les théâtres d’opérations des deux guerres mondiales et enfin, leur fierté et leurs désillusions à la sortie des guerres. Les anciens combattants juifs de Tunisie participent activement aux commémorations de l’entre deux-guerres et veulent lutter contre l’antisémitisme qui se renforce dans les années 1930. Le statut des juifs, instauré en Tunisie à partir de novembre 1940, puis les six mois de souffrances sous l’occupation allemande (novembre 1942-mai 1943) sont une épreuve qui entame le lien de confiance entre les juifs et la France. Pourtant, dès l’automne 1940 des centaines de juifs de Tunisie s’engagent dans les Forces françaises libres, et combattent jusqu’en 1945. Quelles sont les motivations et les spécificités de ces combattants juifs de Tunisie d’une guerre à l’autre ?Jews in Tunisia are a minority during the French protectorate (1881-1956). At the beginning of the XXth century, 90 % of them are Tunisians and it is very difficult for them to obtain the French citizenship. With regard to the army, they have a special position: in accordance with Tunisian law, which is maintained by the French protectorate, Tunisian Jews cannot be recruited by the army. When the First and Second World War break out, some of the Tunisian Jews volunteer to fight in the French army, encouraged in this decision by the Jews of Tunisia who have become French citizens and are enrolled. We had to find multiple sources in the French and Tunisian archives to be able to truly and accurately document the journey of these women and men who choose to fight for France. This prosopographical work, reveals what motivated these individuals at the start of the war, their fighting experiences on all battlefields during the two wars, as well as their pride and disillusionment at the end of the wars. Tunisian Jew veterans while actively commemorating the World War I realized they had to fight the growing anti-Semitism movement in the 1930’s. The status of the Jews, established by Vichy authorities in Tunisia in November 1940, followed by the sufferings endured during the Nazi occupation (November 1942-May 1943), have a negative impact on the trust that Jews placed in France. However, hundreds of Jews from Tunisia decided to join Free French Forces, from autumn 1940 until the end of the war. What were the motivations and what specific attributes do we find in the Tunisian Jews who took part in World War 1 and 2