Father-Son Farm Partnerships

Can parents help their sons and daughters get started farming? The answer is yes. Parents can and do help their children get started farming by making gifts and loans of livestock and machinery and money. Fathers often help their children borrow money and rent land. In South Dakota 19 percent of the land lords reported that they rented some lend to a son or son-in-law. This is just slightly less than the coverage for aJ.1 the states in the Midwest. Inheritance and gifts of land are not uncommon. No less than 24. percent of Midwestern men who are farm owners indicated that they received all or part of their land by this means. Another 16 percent of the male owners bought ell or pert of their land from relatives. Only 60 percent of the men who owned farms claimed to have gotten them without family assistance. In a survey made in South Dakota more than half of the farmers said that they had received substantial aid from parents either through gifts of land, money or equipment or through inheritance. Less than three out of ten claimed to have achieved ownership without some sort of financial help. This seems to say that parents play a very important part in helping their sons get started farming. Because there is not enough farms for everybody there is keen competition among the sons of farmers to get started farming as partners, renters and owners. It seems reasonable to believe that, in the case of young men of equal ability, starting at the same time end in the same neighborhood, those sons who get the most help from their parents are most likely to succeed in getting started farming

Most Profitable Use of Fertilizer on Corn, Oats, and Wheat in South Dakota

In this pamphlet, you will read about the following topics: How Much Does Nitrogen Cost? Effects of Nitrogen on Corn, Oats, and Wheat How Much Will the Extra Bushels of Grain be Worth? How Much Nitrogen Pays on Corn? Now Let’s Include the Cost of Phosphate How Much Fertilizer Pays at Different Prices? How Much Nitrogen Pays on Oats and Wheat? Making the Most of a Littl

Strengthening Farms and Ranches in South Dakota: A Preliminary Report Prepared for the South Dakota Legislative Research Council, Pierre, South Dakota

There is much concern over the future of agriculture. Farm and ranch incomes have been falling as a result of the decline in farm produce prices since 1951 and continued h:gh costs of machinery and other means of production. Because of these factors and the capacity of modern machinery, farmers and ranchers have been increasing the size of their operating units. As farms and ranches increased in size, rural population has been decreasing. This decline in rural population has had serious effects upon the rural community and rural life. Schools, churches and local government units are seriously affected in areas where these changes have been most rapid. The decline in rural population and the development of the modern automobile and, highways have brought about a decline in the strength and size of rural towns and villages. Thus, agriculture has what appears to be a dilemma. There has been an adjustment of the size of farms and ranches to modern conditions. On the other hand, this adjustment has created some serious problems for rural communities and rural people. The fundamental problem of all people is to achieve the good life . Rural people, because of the lack of competition such as exists in urban life, have often achieved a higher degree of stability and a greater sense of solidarity and wellbeing than has been possible in other lines of work, Naturally they desire to maintain these values. At the same time, they need adequate incomes to meet their basic, needs for food, clothing, and shelter, and to support community institutions such as schools, churches, and local government. They desire parity of incomes with other social groups. Within certain limits increasing income also increases the good life but gradually as income increases, it may conflict with social values

Prices and Costs for Use in Farm and Ranch Planning

The prices of most things farmers and ranchers produce will vary widely in future years as they have in the past. It is not possible to reorganize a farm or ranch every time there is a variation in prices. The benefits of a given crop rotation can only be secured after several years. When crop rotations are changed fields and fences may also need to be changed. Buildings may need to be built or remodeled to handle the new crops. Livestock enterprises should be chosen with regard to the crops produced. Since many years are often required to establish profitable herds and flocks, most farmers need to take a rather long-run view of the prices which can be expected. Usually they cannot afford to go in and out of hogs, poultry, beef cattle, or sheep with every price change

Some Corporations that Own Farm and Ranch Land in South Dakota

Concern has developed about large out-of-state corporations that own agricultural land in South Dakota. Fears that such corporations may destroy family farms are often expressed. As a result legislation has been proposed which would prohibit such corporations from farming unless 51 percent of stock is owned by South Dakotans. Do present out-of-state corporations justify such fears? A survey recently made indicates that most out-of-state corporations lease their land to independent farmers. Those few that directly manage their land are not much if any different from the home-grown kind. Most appear to be held and operated by families. The survey was made by sending a questionnaire to 47 corporations with out-of-state addresses that owned agricultural land in South Dakota. The names were secured from county assessors and county ASCS offices by the South Dakota Farmers Union and made available for this study, twenty-five questionnaires (53 percent) were returned. Of these, 17 respondents said they leased the land to independent farmers. Only five said that they were directly manning or operating their lands. These facts are perhaps the most important found in this study. The same questionnaire was sent to 35 farms and ranches incorporated in South Dakota that were authorized to issue $500,000 or more of capital stock. This list was obtained from records of the Secretary of State at Pierre, South Dakota. Because any corporation with more than$100,000 of capital assets must be authorized to Issue $500,000 of capital stock, this Is Indeed a crude measure of size but was the only one available. Sixteen of the in-state questionnaires (46 percent) were returned. Of these, 10 said they were engaged directly in farm or ranch operations, two said they were not active and four said they were not farm or ranch corporations. To summarize, 82 questionnaires were mailed to firms and 41 were returned, Only 15 of the firms responding reported that they were directly managing or operating farms or ranches. Another 17 said that they were leasing land to Independent farmers or ranchers. These 17 were firms with out-of-state addresses although three had been incorporated under South Dakota laws

Characterisation of cardiorespiratory responses to electrically stimulated cycle training in paraplegia

Functional, electrically stimulated (FES) cycle training can improve the cardiorespiratory fitness of spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals, but the extent to which this can occur following high volume FES cycle endurance training is not known. The effect of training on aerobic endurance capacity, as determined by the appearance of respiratory gas exchange thresholds, is also unknown. The oxygen cost (O2 cost) of this type of exercise is about 3.5 times higher than that of volitional cycling, but the source of this inefficiency, and of the variation between subjects, has not yet been investigated. The electrical cost of FES cycling, measured as the stimulation charge required per Watt of power produced (stim/Pt), has neither been calculated nor investigated before. It is also not known whether a period of FES cycling can alter the O2 cost or the stim/Pt of this unique form of exercise. Additionally, the acute metabolic responses to prolonged, high intensity FES cycling after a 12-month period of high-volume training have not yet been characterised for this subject group. Accordingly, these parameters were investigated over the course of a 12-month homebased FES cycle training programme (up to 5 x 60 min per week) in 9 male and 2 female individuals with paraplegia. Outcomes were investigated using a novel, sensitive test bed that accounted for both internal and external power production (Pt). The test protocol permitted high resolution analyses of cycling power and metabolic thresholds, and a sensitive training dose-response analysis, to be performed for the first time in FES cycling. Efficiency estimates were calculated within a new theoretical framework that was developed for those with severe disability, and the stim/Pt was determined using a novel measure designed for this study. The current training programme resulted in significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and peak cycling power, but only over the first 6 months when training was progressive. These improvements were positively related to the number of training hours completed during this time. It is not known whether the plateau in training response that was found after this time was due to a physiological limitation within the muscles, or to limitations in the current stimulation strategy and of the training protocol used. The efficiency of FES cycling was not significantly altered by any period of training. However, the stim/Pt of cycling had reduced over the first 6 months, probably as a result of a fibre hypertrophy within the stimulated motor units. The relationship that was found between variables after this time suggest that differences in the efficiency of FES cycling ii between subjects and over time related primarily to the stim/Pt, which determined the number of motor units recruited per unit of power produced, rather than to metabolic changes within the muscle itself. The aerobic gas exchange threshold (GET) was detected at an oxygen uptake (˙VO2) equivalent to that normally elicited by very gentle volitional exercise, even after training. This provided metabolic evidence of anaerobic fibre recruitment from the outset, as a consequence of the non-physiological motor unit recruitment pattern normally found during FES. The cardiorespiratory stress of training was found to be significantly higher than that elicited by the incremental work rate tests, calling into question the validity of using traditional, continuous incremental work rate tests for establishing the peak oxygen uptake (˙VO2peak) of FES cycling. The respiratory exchange dynamics observed over a 60 min training session were characterised and provide a unique insight into the remarkable aerobic and anaerobic capacity of trained paralytic muscles. For this particular highly motivated subject group, training for 60 min per day on more than 4 days of the week was demonstrated to be feasible, but not able to be sustained. Further work is therefore recommended to develop and to evaluate different stimulation patterns and parameters, loading strategies and training protocols. The aim would be to determine the optimal combination of training parameters that would maximise favourable training responses within a more viable and sustainable lower volume, training programme for this subject group. In conclusion, the outcomes of this multi-centre study have demonstrated the clinical significance of using otherwise redundant, paralytic leg muscles to perform functional, regular physical exercise to improve cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal health after SCI. Additionally, the significant increases in cycling power and endurance that were achieved opened up new mobility and recreational possibilities for this group of individuals. These findings highlight the clinical and social relevance of regular FES cycle training, and the importance of integrating FES cycling into the lives of those affected by SCI. The early and judicious implementation of this form of exercise is strongly recommended for the maintenance of a healthy body, wellbeing, and of an active lifestyle after SCI

Southeastern South Dakota Farm Record Summary 1950 Eighth Annual Report

This is the eighth annual report of the farm record study started by the Experiment Station in 1943. Farm record cooperators are located in two areas of the state; namely, the Southeastern and North Central Areas. A summary of the results of the North Central area are included in a separate pamphlet

North Central South Dakota Farm Record Summary 1950 Eighth Annual Report

This is the eighth annual report of the farm record study started by the Experiment Station in 1943. Farm record cooperators are located in two areas of the state; namely, the Southeastern and North Central Areas. A summary of the results of the Southeastern area are included in a separate pamphlet