Key Factors Associated With Pulmonary Sequelae in the Follow-Up of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

Introduction: Critical COVID-19 survivors have a high risk of respiratory sequelae. Therefore, we aimed to identify key factors associated with altered lung function and CT scan abnormalities at a follow-up visit in a cohort of critical COVID-19 survivors. Methods: Multicenter ambispective observational study in 52 Spanish intensive care units. Up to 1327 PCR-confirmed critical COVID-19 patients had sociodemographic, anthropometric, comorbidity and lifestyle characteristics collected at hospital admission; clinical and biological parameters throughout hospital stay; and, lung function and CT scan at a follow-up visit. Results: The median [p25–p75] time from discharge to follow-up was 3.57 [2.77–4.92] months. Median age was 60 [53–67] years, 27.8% women. The mean (SD) percentage of predicted diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) at follow-up was 72.02 (18.33)% predicted, with 66% of patients having DLCO < 80% and 24% having DLCO < 60%. CT scan showed persistent pulmonary infiltrates, fibrotic lesions, and emphysema in 33%, 25% and 6% of patients, respectively. Key variables associated with DLCO < 60% were chronic lung disease (CLD) (OR: 1.86 (1.18–2.92)), duration of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) (OR: 1.56 (1.37–1.77)), age (OR [per-1-SD] (95%CI): 1.39 (1.18–1.63)), urea (OR: 1.16 (0.97–1.39)) and estimated glomerular filtration rate at ICU admission (OR: 0.88 (0.73–1.06)). Bacterial pneumonia (1.62 (1.11–2.35)) and duration of ventilation (NIMV (1.23 (1.06–1.42), IMV (1.21 (1.01–1.45)) and prone positioning (1.17 (0.98–1.39)) were associated with fibrotic lesions. Conclusion: Age and CLD, reflecting patients’ baseline vulnerability, and markers of COVID-19 severity, such as duration of IMV and renal failure, were key factors associated with impaired DLCO and CT abnormalities

Evolution of the use of corticosteroids for the treatment of hospitalised COVID-19 patients in Spain between March and November 2020: SEMI-COVID national registry

Objectives: Since the results of the RECOVERY trial, WHO recommendations about the use of corticosteroids (CTs) in COVID-19 have changed. The aim of the study is to analyse the evolutive use of CTs in Spain during the pandemic to assess the potential influence of new recommendations. Material and methods: A retrospective, descriptive, and observational study was conducted on adults hospitalised due to COVID-19 in Spain who were included in the SEMI-COVID- 19 Registry from March to November 2020. Results: CTs were used in 6053 (36.21%) of the included patients. The patients were older (mean (SD)) (69.6 (14.6) vs. 66.0 (16.8) years; p < 0.001), with hypertension (57.0% vs. 47.7%; p < 0.001), obesity (26.4% vs. 19.3%; p < 0.0001), and multimorbidity prevalence (20.6% vs. 16.1%; p < 0.001). These patients had higher values (mean (95% CI)) of C-reactive protein (CRP) (86 (32.7-160) vs. 49.3 (16-109) mg/dL; p < 0.001), ferritin (791 (393-1534) vs. 470 (236- 996) µg/dL; p < 0.001), D dimer (750 (430-1400) vs. 617 (345-1180) µg/dL; p < 0.001), and lower Sp02/Fi02 (266 (91.1) vs. 301 (101); p < 0.001). Since June 2020, there was an increment in the use of CTs (March vs. September; p < 0.001). Overall, 20% did not receive steroids, and 40% received less than 200 mg accumulated prednisone equivalent dose (APED). Severe patients are treated with higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%. Conclusions: Patients with greater comorbidity, severity, and inflammatory markers were those treated with CTs. In severe patients, there is a trend towards the use of higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%

A Review of the Use of Zonisamide in Parkinson's Disease

Although zonisamide was previously only used to treat epilepsy, recently more applications have been forthcoming. Due to a good side effect profile, a lower frequency of interactions and a more comfortable posology, there are several studies regarding its uses in other pathologies such as migraine, neuropathic pain, essential tremor and various psychiatric diseases. A multicentered, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in Japan suggested that zonisamide, as an add-on treatment, has efficacy in treating motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. In addition, other studies support the utility of zonisamide in other symptoms of this disease. The therapeutic doses of zonisamide for the treatment of Parkinson's disease are considerably lower than those for the treatment of epilepsy. This antiepileptic drug has been used in Japan for more than 15 years and so it is expected that it will be safe and well tolerated in patients with Parkinson's disease. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of the antiparkinsonian actions of zonisamide remain unclear and more basic investigation is warranted. The aim of this paper is to review the structure, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and antiparkinsonian action of zonisamide

Neuroanatomía de las decisiones financieras

Resumen: Introducción: La neuroeconomía es una nueva disciplina que estudia los procesos cerebrales de toma de decisiones, fundamentalmente económicas y que ha adquirido un importante avance en los últimos años con el desarrollo de las modernas técnicas de neuroimagen, como la resonancia magnética cerebral funcional. Este artículo realiza una revisión de la bibliografía sobre los diferentes mecanismos neurológicos implicados en la toma de decisiones financieras, las estructuras cerebrales involucradas y las enfermedades que pueden afectarlos. Fuentes: Realizamos una revisión no sistemática de la literatura, tanto en fuentes de información primaria (PubMed) como de información secundaria (Tripdatabase y Cochrane Library). También se utilizó bibliografía cedida por la Asociación Española de Neuroeconomía. Desarrollo: Los sistemas de recompensa cerebral y de aversión a la pérdida suponen un equilibrio que hará que optemos por una u otra decisión. En este equilibrio en el que la dopamina desempeña un papel primordial, se han visto involucradas varias estructuras cerebrales como la amígdala, la ínsula, la corteza prefrontal medial, las cortezas cinguladas anterior y posterior, el núcleo accumbens y el área tegmental ventral. Su alteración supone la producción de conductas financieras inapropiadas como tienen lugar en enfermedades tan frecuentes como la depresión, la manía, el alcoholismo, la ludopatía o diversos trastornos del control de impulsos. Conclusiones: Los neurólogos deberíamos definir nuestro papel en esta ciencia pluridisciplinar, dada la posición de privilegio de nuestra especialidad para estudiar el funcionamiento cerebral, y al más que posible crecimiento que se espera que la neuroeconomía adquiera en un futuro cercano. Abstract: Introduction: Neuroeconomics is a new science that studies the brain processes involved in taking decisions, particularly related to economy and it has experienced an important advance in the recent years due to the development of the new neuroimaging techniques, basically functional magnetic resonance imaging. The aim of this paper it to carry out a review of the literature on the different neurological mechanisms involved in taking financial decisions, the concerned brain structures and the diseases that can affect them. Sources: We made a non systematic review of the literature in primary (PubMed) and secondary (Tripdatabase and Cochrane Library) bibliographic databases. We also used bibliography given by the Asociación Española de Neuroeconomía. Development: Brain reward and loss aversion systems suppose a balance that makes us take one or another decision. Dopamine plays an important role on it and several brain structures have been involved in this balance such as the amygdale, the insula, the medial prefrontal cortex, the anterior and posterior cingulated cortex, the accumbens nucleus and the ventral tegmental area. The alteration of this balance may produce inappropriate financial behaviors what may occur in common diseases including depression, mania, alcoholism, gambling and several impulse control disorders. Conclusions: Neurologists should define our role in this interdisciplinary field due to the privileged position of our specialty to study how the brain works and due to the potential growing of this science in the near future. Palabras clave: Neuroeconomía, Núcleo accumbens, Sistema de recompensa cerebral, Área prefrontal medial, Amígdala, Ínsula, Corteza orbitofrontal, Keywords: Neuroeconomics, Nucleus accumbens, Reward system, Medial prefrontal cortex, Amygdala, Insula, Orbitofrontal corte

Neuroanatomy of financial decisions

Introduction: Neuroeconomics is a new science that studies the brain processes involved in taking decisions, particularly related to economy and it has experienced an important advance in recent years due to the development of new neuroimaging techniques, basically functional magnetic resonance imaging. The aim of this paper it to carry out a review of the literature on the different neurological mechanisms involved in taking financial decisions, the concerned brain structures and the diseases that can affect them. Sources: We made a non systematic review of the literature in primary (PubMed) and secondary (Tripdatabase and Cochrane Library) bibliographic databases. We also used bibliography given by the Asociación Española de Neuroeconomía. Development: Brain reward and loss aversion systems suppose a balance that makes us take one or another decision. Dopamine plays an important role on it and several brain structures have been involved in this balance such as the amygdala, the insula, the medial prefrontal cortex, the anterior and posterior cingulated cortex, the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area. The alteration of this balance may produce inappropriate financial behaviours that may occur in common diseases including depression, mania, alcoholism, gambling and several impulse control disorders. Conclusions: Neurologists should define our role in this interdisciplinary field due to the privileged position of our specialty to study how the brain works and due to the potential growing of this science in the near future. Resumen: Introducción: La neuroeconomía es una nueva disciplina que estudia los procesos cerebrales de toma de decisiones, fundamentalmente económicas y que ha adquirido un importante avance en los últimos años con el desarrollo de las modernas técnicas de neuroimagen, como la resonancia magnética cerebral funcional. Este artículo realiza una revisión de la bibliografía sobre los diferentes mecanismos neurológicos implicados en la toma de decisiones financieras, las estructuras cerebrales involucradas y las enfermedades que pueden afectarlos. Fuentes: Realizamos una revisión no sistemática de la literatura, tanto en fuentes de información primaria (PubMed) como de información secundaria (Tripdatabase y Cochrane Library). También se utilizó bibliografía cedida por la Asociación Española de Neuroeconomía. Desarrollo: Los sistemas de recompensa cerebral y de aversión a la pérdida suponen un equilibrio que hará que optemos por una u otra decisión. En este equilibrio en el que la dopamina desempeña un papel primordial, se han visto involucradas varias estructuras cerebrales como la amígdala, la ínsula, la corteza prefrontal medial, las cortezas cinguladas anterior y posterior, el núcleo accumbens y el área tegmental ventral. Su alteración supone la producción de conductas financieras inapropiadas como tienen lugar en enfermedades tan frecuentes como la depresión, la manía, el alcoholismo, la ludopatía o diversos trastornos del control de impulsos. Conclusiones: Los neurólogos deberíamos definir nuestro papel en esta ciencia pluridisciplinar, dada la posición de privilegio de nuestra especialidad para estudiar el funcionamiento cerebral, y al más que posible crecimiento que se espera que la neuroeconomía adquiera en un futuro cercano. Keywords: Neuroeconomics, Nucleus accumbens, Reward system, Medial prefrontal córtex, Amygdala, Insula, Orbito-frontal cortex, Palabras clave: Neuroeconomía, Núcleo accumbens, Sistema de recompensa cerebral, Área prefrontal medial, Amígdala, Ínsula, Corteza orbitofronta