Social limits to climate change adaptation:temporalities in behavioural responses to climate risks

Social constraints and limits on adaptation are strongly influenced by the rates at which climate-influenced risks emerge and the speed of the coping response, including the pace at which adaptative changes can be made. This short review assesses how adaptation limits are shaped by extreme events, changing probabilities of extreme events under climate change, the future evolution of adaptation options and strategies, the emergence of cascading or systemic risks and historical patterns of social relations. While adaptation limits are expressed by tipping points in the behaviours of social actors, this behaviour is framed by intersecting temporalities (cultural, economic, technical and political) operating through social systems. Greater awareness of these temporalities will help improve our capacity to analyse and predict the social tipping points which are evidence of adaptation limits, improving the capacity of international and public policy to target resources at the most vulnerable

A Step Change for Earth System Research: Future Earth – Research for Global Sustainability

More integration between scientific disciplines and between the scientific, development and policy communities have been called for by nations and organisations around the world to address the mounting challenge of a transition to sustainability in general and sustainable development in par-ticular

Are 'soft' policy instruments effective? The link between environmental management systems and the environmental performance of companies

Based on the analysis of a large dataset on the environmental performance of European companies in selected industrial sectors, the paper examines the question of whether the presence of an environmental management system (EMS) has a positive impact on the ecoefficiency of companies. It begins with a review of current evidence about the link between EMS and environmental performance, finding that despite much research into EMS there is still very little quantitative research on their actual environmental outcome. The second part of the paper uses three different statistical methods to assess whether companies and production sites with EMS perform better than those without and whether performance improves after an EMS has been introduced. Identifying only a weak link between EMS and eco-efficiency, the authors propose a number of possible explanations and warn against an overly-positive view of EMS as an autonomous driver of environmental performance.environmental management systems, environmental performance, eco-efficiency

Drawing out the Links

Wird die Informationsgesellschaft tatsächlich "leicht und sauber" sein? Ein Über­blick über die internationale Literatur nährt hier eher Skepsis. Die Verbreitung von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien birgt sowohl große Risiken als auch große Chancen für ökologische Nachhaltigkeit. Dabei fallen insbesondere die indirekten und strukturellen Wirkungen ins Gewicht. Entscheidend ist, wie die Bilanz von Effizienzsteigerungen, Substitutionseffekten, neu generierter Nachfrage (rebound effect) sowie Lebensstilveränderungen ausfallen wird

Bridging analytical approaches for low-carbon transitions

Low-carbon transitions are long-term multi-faceted processes. Although integrated assessment models have many strengths for analysing such transitions, their mathematical representation requires a simplification of the causes, dynamics and scope of such societal transformations. We suggest that integrated assessment model-based analysis should be complemented with insights from socio-technical transition analysis and practice-based action research. We discuss the underlying assumptions, strengths and weaknesses of these three analytical approaches. We argue that full integration of these approaches is not feasible, because of foundational differences in philosophies of science and ontological assumptions. Instead, we suggest that bridging, based on sequential and interactive articulation of different approaches, may generate a more comprehensive and useful chain of assessments to support policy formation and action. We also show how these approaches address knowledge needs of different policymakers (international, national and local), relate to different dimensions of policy processes and speak to different policy-relevant criteria such as cost-effectiveness, socio-political feasibility, social acceptance and legitimacy, and flexibility. A more differentiated set of analytical approaches thus enables a more differentiated approach to climate policy making.</p

Sharing the Burden of Adaptation Financing: An Assessment of the Contributions of Countries

Climate change may cause most harm to countries that contribute least to greenhouse gas emissions. This paper identifies deontology, solidarity and consequentialism as the principles that can serve as a basis for a fair international burden sharing scheme of adaptation costs. We translate these principles into criteria that can be applied in assigning contributions of individual countries, namely historical responsibility, equality and capacity to pay. Specific political and scientific choices are discussed, highlighting implications for international burden-sharing. Combining historical responsibility and capacity to pay seems a promising starting point for international negotiations on the design of burden-sharing schemes. From the numerical assessment, it is clear that UNFCCC Annex I countries carry the greatest burden under most scenarios, but contributions differ substantially subject to the choice of an indicator for capacity to pay. The total financial contribution by the Annex I countries could be in the range of $55-68 billion annually.Adaptation Financing, Burden-Sharing, Historical Responsibility