The Economics of Suicide: An Empirical Study

This study uses economic theory to investigate the impact of socioeconomic factors on the suicide rate in the United States. Using a utility maximization framework based on Hamermesh and Soss’ 1974 model, a panel data set from 2000-2010 is constructed for the 50 states and District of Columbia. This research adds to the literature in the field by focusing on the more recent past and providing additional variables consistent with today’s challenges. The results from the multiple regression analysis can be used to advocate policies that may reduce the suicide rate in the future

Schur Partial Derivative Operators

A lattice diagram is a finite list L=((p_1,q_1),...,(p_n,q_n) of lattice cells. The corresponding lattice diagram determinant is \Delta_L(X;Y)=\det \| x_i^{p_j}y_i^{q_j} \|. These lattice diagram determinants are crucial in the study of the so-called ``n! conjecture'' of A. Garsia and M. Haiman. The space M_L is the space spanned by all partial derivatives of \Delta_L(X;Y). The ``shift operators'', which are particular partial symmetric derivative operators are very useful in the comprehension of the structure of the M_L spaces. We describe here how a Schur function partial derivative operator acts on lattice diagrams with distinct cells in the positive quadrant.Comment: 8 pages, LaTe

On the Connection Between Metal Absorbers and Quasar Nebulae

We establish a simple model for the distribution of cold gas around L* galaxies using a large set of observational constraints on the properties of strong MgII absorber systems. Our analysis suggests that the halos of L* galaxies are filled with cool gaseous clouds having sizes of order 1kpc and densities of ~10^{-2} cm^{-3}. We then investigate the physical effects of cloud irradiation by a quasar and study the resulting spectral signatures. We show that quasar activity gives rise to (i) extended narrow-line emission on ~100kpc scales and (ii) an anisotropy in the properties of the absorbing gas arising from the geometry of the quasar radiation field. Provided that quasars reside in halos several times more massive than those of L* galaxies, our model predictions appear to be in agreement with observations of narrow emission-line nebulae around quasars and the recent detections of ~100kpc cold gaseous envelopes around those objects, suggesting a common origin for these phenomena. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding absorption systems, probing quasar environments at high redshifts, and testing the quasar unification scheme.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures (ApJ submitted

Parameter-free Stark Broadening of Hydrogen Lines in DA White Dwarfs

We present new calculations for the Stark broadening of the hydrogen line profiles in the dense atmospheres of white dwarf stars. Our improved model is based on the unified theory of Stark broadening from Vidal, Cooper & Smith, but it also includes non-ideal gas effects from the Hummer & Mihalas occupation probability formalism directly inside the line profile calculations. This approach improves upon previous calculations that relied on the use of an ad-hoc free parameter to describe the dissolution of the line wing opacity in the presence of high electric microfields in the plasma. We present here the first grid of model spectra for hot Teff >~ 12,000 K DA white dwarfs that has no free parameters. The atmospheric parameters obtained from optical and UV spectroscopic observations using these improved models are shown to differ substantially from those published in previous studies.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, to appear in Journal of Physics Conference Proceedings for the 16th European White Dwarf Worksho

Optical properties and spatial distribution of MgII absorbers from SDSS image stacking

We present a statistical analysis of the photometric properties and spatial distribution of more than 2,800 MgII absorbers with 0.37<z<1 and rest equivalent width W_0(\lambda2796)>0.8\AA detected in SDSS quasar spectra. Using an improved image stacking technique, we measure the cross-correlation between MgII gas and light (in the g, r, i and z-bands) from 10 to 200 kpc and infer the light-weighted impact parameter distribution of MgII absorbers. Such a quantity is well described by a power-law with an index that strongly depends on W_0, ranging from ~-1 for W_0~ 1.5\AA. At redshift 0.37<z<0.55, we find the average luminosity enclosed within 100 kpc around MgII absorbers to be M_g=-20.65+-0.11 mag, which is ~0.5 L_g*. The global luminosity-weighted colors are typical of present-day intermediate type galaxies. However, while the light of weaker absorbers originates mostly from red passive galaxies, stronger systems display the colors of blue star-forming galaxies. Based on these observations, we argue that the origin of strong MgII absorber systems might be better explained by models of metal-enriched gas outflows from star-forming/bursting galaxies. Our analysis does not show any redshift dependence for both impact parameter and rest-frame colors up to z=1. However, we do observe a brightening of the absorbers related light at high redshift (~50% from z~0.4 to 1). We argue that MgII absorbers are a phenomenon typical of a given evolutionary phase that more massive galaxies experience earlier than less massive ones, in a downsizing fashion. (abridged)Comment: ApJ in press, 28 pages, 16 figures, using emulateapj. Only typo corrections wrt the original submission (v1

The Origin of C IV Absorption Systems at Redshifts z<1---Discovery of Extended C IV Envelopes Around Galaxies

(Abridged) We report the discovery of extended CIV gaseous envelopes around galaxies of a wide range of luminosity and morphological type. First, we show that CIV absorption systems are strongly clustered around galaxies on velocity scales of v < 250 km/s and impact parameter scales of rho < 100 h^{-1} kpc but not on larger velocity or impact parameter scales. Next, adopting measurements of galaxy properties presented in previous papers, we examine how properties of the CIV absorption systems depend on properties of the galaxies. On the basis of 14 galaxy and absorber pairs and 36 galaxies that do not produce corresponding CIV absorption lines to within sensitive upper limits, we find that: (1) Galaxies of a range of morphological type and luminosity appear to possess extended CIV gaseous envelopes of radius R ~ 100 h^{-1} kpc, with abrupt boundaries between the CIV absorbing and non-absorbing regions. (2) The extent of CIV-absorbing gas around galaxies scales with galaxy B-band luminosity as R \propto L_B^{0.5 +/- 0.1} but does not depend strongly on galaxy surface brightness, redshift, or morphological type. And (3) the covering factor of CIV clouds within ~ 100 h^{-1} kpc of galaxies is nearly unity, but there is a large scatter in the mean number of clouds encountered along the line of sight. The most significant implication of the study is that galaxies of a wide range of luminosity and morphological type are surrounded by chemically enriched gas that extends for at least ~ 100 h^{-1} kpc. We consider various scenarios that may have produced metals at large galactic distance and conclude that accreting satellites are most likely to be responsible for chemically enriched gas at large galactic distances to regular looking galaxies.Comment: 19 pages, 3 figures, to appear in ApJ, July 20 200

Spectroscopic analysis of DA white dwarfs from the McCook & Sion catalog

For some years now, we have been gathering optical spectra of DA white dwarfs in an effort to study and define the empirical ZZ Ceti instability strip. However, we have recently expanded this survey to include all the DA white dwarfs in the McCook & Sion catalog down to a limiting visual magnitude of V=17.5. We present here a spectroscopic analysis of over 1000 DA white dwarfs from this ongoing survey. We have several specific areas of interest most notably the hot DAO white dwarfs, the ZZ Ceti instability strip, and the DA+dM binary systems. Furthermore, we present a comparison of the ensemble properties of our sample with those of other large surveys of DA white dwarfs, paying particular attention to the distribution of mass as a function of effective temperature.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, to appear in Journal of Physics Conference Proceedings for the 16th European White Dwarf Worksho

Damped Lyman Alpha Systems at z<1.65: The Expanded SDSS HST Sample

We present results of our HST Cycle 11 Survey for low-redshift (z<1.65) DLAs in the UV spectra of quasars selected from the SDSS Early Data Release. These quasars have strong intervening MgII-FeII systems which are known signatures of high column density neutral gas. In total, UV observations of Ly-alpha absorption in 197 MgII systems with z<1.65 and rest equivalent width (REW) W2796 \ge 0.3A have now been obtained. The main results are: (1) 36(+/- 6)% of systems with W2796 \ge 0.5 A and FeII W2600 \ge 0.5 A are DLAs. This increases to 42(+/- 7)% for systems with W2796/W2600 0.1 A. (2) The mean N(HI) of MgII systems with 0.3 A \le W2796 < 0.6 A is a factor of ~36 lower than that of systems with W2796 \ge 0.6 A. (3) The DLA incidence per unit redshift is consistent with no evolution for z <~ 2 (Omega_L=0.7, Omega_M = 0.3), but exhibits significant evolution for z >~ 2. (4) Omega_{DLA} is constant for 0.5<z<5.0 to within the uncertainties. This is larger than Omega_{gas}(z=0) by a factor of ~2. (5) The slope of the N(HI) distribution does not change significantly with redshift. However, the low redshift distribution is marginally flatter due to the higher fraction of high N(HI) systems in our sample. (6) Finally, using the precision of MgII survey statistics, we find that there may be evidence of a decreasing Omega_{DLA} from z=0.5 to z=0. We reiterate the conclusion of Hopkins, Rao, & Turnshek that very high columns of neutral gas might be missed by DLA surveys because of their very small cross sections, and therefore, that Omega_{DLA} might not include the bulk of the neutral gas mass in the Universe. (Abridged)Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 22 pages, 22 figure