Fatores de risco e proteção à infecção respiratória aguda em lactentes

OBJETIVO: Analizar la efectividad de la vacuna pneumocóccica polisacarídica y factores de riesgo y protección para infecciones por pneumococo en lactantes. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal anidado en ensayo clínico con hijos de 139 mujeres seleccionadas en el prenatal en servicio público de salud en Sao Paulo, SP, de 2005 a 2006. Las participantes fueron aleatorizadas en tres grupos: el primero no recibía ninguna vacuna (n=46), el segundo recibía la vacuna pneumocóccica polisacarídica en el último trimestre del embarazo (n=42), y el tercero la recibía en el posparto inmediato (n=45). Las infecciones presumiblemente causadas por el pneumococo en los lactantes fueron acompañadas a los tres y seis meses de vida y colectadas muestras de nasofaringe. Fueron investigados factores de riesgo como: fumadores en el domicilio, otros niños en el domicilio y amamantamiento materno exclusivo. RESULTADOS: La vacuna pneumocóccica polisacarídica no mostró protección contra infecciones causadas por pneumococo. Sin embargo, el amamantamiento materno exclusivo hasta los seis meses protegió los lactantes contra las infecciones respiratorias (OR=7,331). La colonización de la nasofaringe por pneumococo a los tres o seis meses aumentó la probabilidad de infecciones respiratorias (OR=2,792). CONCLUSIONES: Lactantes amamantados exclusivamente con leche materna hasta los seis meses son significativamente protegidos contra infecciones por pneumococos, independientemente de la vacunación pneumocóccica.OBJETIVO: Analisar a efetividade da vacina pneumocócica polissacarídica e fatores de risco e proteção para infecções por pneumococo em lactentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal aninhado em ensaio clínico com filhos de 139 mulheres selecionadas no pré-natal um serviço público de saúde em São Paulo, SP, de 2005 a 2006. As participantes foram randomizadas em três grupos: o primeiro não recebia nenhuma vacina (n=46), o segundo recebia a vacina pneumocócica polissacarídica no último trimestre de gravidez (n=42), e o terceiro a recebia no pós-parto imediato (n=45). As infecções presumivelmente causadas pelo pneumococo nos lactentes foram acompanhados aos três e seis meses de vida e colhidas amostras de nasofaringe. Foram investigados fatores de risco como: fumantes no domicílio, outras crianças no domicílio e aleitamento materno exclusivo. RESULTADOS: A vacina pneumocócica polissacarídica não mostrou proteção contra infecções causadas por pneumococo. No entanto, o aleitamento materno exclusivo até os seis meses protegeu os lactentes contra as infecções respiratórias (OR= 7,331). A colonização da nasofaringe por pneumococo aos três ou seis meses aumentou a chance de infecções respiratórias (OR= 2,792). CONCLUSÕES: Lactentes amamentados exclusivamente com leite materno até seis meses são significativamente protegidos contra infecções por pneumococos, independentemente da vacinação pneumocócica.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of maternal pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and the risk and protective factors for acute respiratory infections in infants. METHODS: Nested cross-sectional study of a clinical trial evaluating children of 139 women selected in a public prenatal care unit in the municipality of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, from 2005 to 2006. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: non-immunized (n=46); immunized with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the last trimester of pregnancy (n=42); and immunized with the vaccine immediately after childbirth (n=45). Infants were followed up for infections presumably caused by pneumococcus at the age of three and six months and nasopharyngeal samples were collected. Risk factors such as smokers living in the same household, siblings and exclusive maternal breastfeeding were investigated. RESULTS: The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine did not provide protection against pneumococcus infections. However, exclusive maternal breastfeeding until the age of six months protected infants against respiratory infections (OR= 7.331). Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization at the age of three or six months increased the likelihood of occurrence of respiratory infections (OR= 2.792). CONCLUSIONS: Exclusive breastfeeding for six months protects infants against presumably pneumococcal infections regardless of pneumococcal vaccination

Comparação entre cinco métodos para avaliação de susceptibilidade à oxacilina em cepas de Staphylococcus aureus isoladas de pacientes com fibrose cística

Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à oxacilina (MRSA) são, atualmente, um problema global. Pacientes com fibrose cística (FC) são frequentemente colonizados e infectados por MRSA. A realização de testes de susceptibilidade acurados é extremamente importante para o manejo da terapia antimicrobiana nesses indivíduos. Nesse estudo, realizamos comparação entre as acurácias de diversos testes de susceptibilidade à oxacilina, em cepas de S. aureus isoladas de pacientes com fibrose cística, tanto sensíveis como resistentes à oxacilina, com diferentes tipos de SCCmec, e utilizando a detecção do gene mecA como método padrão. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do disco de oxacilina, do Etest, e da placa de agar screening com oxacilina foram de 100%. A sensibilidade do disco de cefoxitina foi 85%, com especificidade de 100%. Em cepas clinicamente relevantes, a utilização combinada de mais de um método deveria ser considerada.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are now a worldwide problem. Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are commonly colonized and infected by MRSA. Accurate oxacillin susceptibility testing is mandatory for the adequate management of these patients. We performed a comparison of the accuracy of different tests in CF isolates, including methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and MRSA with different SCCmec types, and using the mecA gene as the gold-standard. The sensitivity and specificity of oxacillin disc, Etest, and oxacillin agar screening plate were 100%. Sensitivity of the cefoxitin disc was 85% and specificity was 100%. For clinically relevant isolates, laboratories may consider the use of a combination of two phenotypic methods

Brazilian Adolescents Infected by HIV: Epidemiologic Characteristics and Adherence to Treatment

Over the last 3 decades since the first AIDS cases appeared, we have witnessed great progress in therapeutic methodologies that have transformed the evolution of the disease from debilitating and fatal, into chronic and controllable. HIV-infected children are arriving at adolescence and bringing specific challenges, not only to themselves, but also to their families and caregivers. This retrospective study sets forth epidemiological and treatment characteristics of 46 HIV-infected adolescents followed in a specialized university service relating said characteristics to therapy adherence assessed through a combination of three indirect methods. Therapy adherence did not reveal any association with either epidemiologic characteristics regarding age, sex, school level, household composition, age at diagnosis, mode of infection, knowledge of diagnosis, treatment time, or initial antiretroviral scheme. Patients with good therapy adherence presented lower viral load and used a smaller number of antiretroviral schemes

Acute respiratory viral infections in pediatric cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of infection by respiratory viruses in pediatric patients with cancer and acute respiratory infection (ARI) and/or fever.MethodsCross-sectional study, from January 2011 to December 2012. The secretions of nasopharyngeal aspirates were analyzed in children younger than 21 years with acute respiratory infections. Patients were treated at the Grupo em Defesa da Criança Com Câncer (Grendacc) and University Hospital (HU), Jundiaí, SP. The rapid test was used for detection of influenza virus (Kit Biotrin, Inc., Ireland), and real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (FTD, Respiratory pathogens, multiplex Fast Trade Kit, Malta) for detection of influenza virus (H1N1, B), rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human parechovirus, bocavirus, metapneumovirus, and human coronavirus. The prevalence of viral infection was estimated and association tests were used (χ2 or Fisher's exact test).Results104 samples of nasopharyngeal aspirate and blood were analyzed. The median age was 12±5.2 years, 51% males, 68% whites, 32% had repeated ARIs, 32% prior antibiotic use, 19.8% cough, and 8% contact with ARIs. A total of 94.3% were in good general status. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (42.3%) was the most prevalent neoplasia. Respiratory viruses were detected in 50 samples: rhinoviruses (23.1%), respiratory syncytial virus AB (8.7%), and coronavirus (6.8%). Codetection occurred in 19% of cases with 2 viruses and in 3% of those with 3 viruses, and was more frequent between rhinovirus and coronavirus 43. Fever in neutropenic patients was observed in 13%, of which four (30.7) were positive for viruses. There were no deaths.ConclusionsThe prevalence of respiratory viruses was relevant in the infectious episode, with no increase in morbidity and mortality. Viral co-detection was frequent in patients with cancer and ARIs

Brazilian Adolescents Infected by HIV: Epidemiologic Characteristics and Adherence to Treatment

Over the last 3 decades since the first AIDS cases appeared, we have witnessed great progress in therapeutic methodologies that have transformed the evolution of the disease from debilitating and fatal, into chronic and controllable. HIV-infected children are arriving at adolescence and bringing specific challenges, not only to themselves, but also to their families and caregivers. This retrospective study sets forth epidemiological and treatment characteristics of 46 HIV-infected adolescents followed in a specialized university service relating said characteristics to therapy adherence assessed through a combination of three indirect methods. Therapy adherence did not reveal any association with either epidemiologic characteristics regarding age, sex, school level, household composition, age at diagnosis, mode of infection, knowledge of diagnosis, treatment time, or initial antiretroviral scheme. Patients with good therapy adherence presented lower viral load and used a smaller number of antiretroviral schemes

Impact of a twelve-year rotavirus vaccine program on acute diarrhea mortality and hospitalization in Brazil

Background Monitoring the impact of vaccine programs is necessary to identify changes in vaccine efficacy. We report the impact of the 12-year rotavirus vaccine program on diarrhea mortality and hospitalizations and their correlation to socioeconomic indicators. Methods this ecological study describes diarrhea hospitalizations and deaths from 2006 to 2018 in Brazil and correlates rotavirus vaccine coverage, hospitalizations and deaths to socioeconomic indicators and social vulnerability index (SVI) by state and region. Hospitalizations, deaths, and vaccine coverage trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression models. Associations between hospitalizations, mortality and rotavirus vaccination coverage and socioeconomic and SVI indicators were established using Ordinary Least Square regressions. Results Rotavirus vaccine coverage remained stable between 2006 and 2018 (annual percentage changes (APC) [95%CI]: 4.4% [−0.3%, 9.2%]). Diarrhea hospitalization rates decreased 52.5% (−5.7% [−7.5%, −3.8%]), from 68.4 to 32.5 hospitalizations per 10,000 children <5 years-old between 2006 and 2018, with significant decreases in diarrhea mortality (−9.8% [−11.2%, −8.5%]). The Northeast region experienced the largest reductions (−13.9% [−15.7%, −12.2%]). Vaccination coverage and diarrhea-mortality were inversely correlated with the SVI. Conclusion The burden of childhood diarrhea has decreased over an extended period. States with high SVI, but high vaccination coverage had the largest reductions in hospitalizations and deaths

The burden of antimicrobial resistance in the Americas in 2019: a cross-country systematic analysis

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an urgent global health challenge and a critical threat to modern health care. Quantifying its burden in the WHO Region of the Americas has been elusive—despite the region’s long history of resistance surveillance. This study provides comprehensive estimates of AMR burden in the Americas to assess this growing health threat. Methods We estimated deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to and associated with AMR for 23 bacterial pathogens and 88 pathogen–drug combinations for countries in the WHO Region of the Americas in 2019. We obtained data from mortality registries, surveillance systems, hospital systems, systematic literature reviews, and other sources, and applied predictive statistical modelling to produce estimates of AMR burden for all countries in the Americas. Five broad components were the backbone of our approach: the number of deaths where infection had a role, the proportion of infectious deaths attributable to a given infectious syndrome, the proportion of infectious syndrome deaths attributable to a given pathogen, the percentage of pathogens resistant to an antibiotic class, and the excess risk of mortality (or duration of an infection) associated with this resistance. We then used these components to estimate the disease burden by applying two counterfactual scenarios: deaths attributable to AMR (compared to an alternative scenario where resistant infections are replaced with susceptible ones), and deaths associated with AMR (compared to an alternative scenario where resistant infections would not occur at all). We generated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for final estimates as the 25th and 975th ordered values across 1000 posterior draws, and models were cross-validated for out-of-sample predictive validity. Findings We estimated 569,000 deaths (95% UI 406,000–771,000) associated with bacterial AMR and 141,000 deaths (99,900–196,000) attributable to bacterial AMR among the 35 countries in the WHO Region of the Americas in 2019. Lower respiratory and thorax infections, as a syndrome, were responsible for the largest fatal burden of AMR in the region, with 189,000 deaths (149,000–241,000) associated with resistance, followed by bloodstream infections (169,000 deaths [94,200–278,000]) and peritoneal/intra-abdominal infections (118,000 deaths [78,600–168,000]). The six leading pathogens (by order of number of deaths associated with resistance) were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Together, these pathogens were responsible for 452,000 deaths (326,000–608,000) associated with AMR. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus predominated as the leading pathogen–drug combination in 34 countries for deaths attributable to AMR, while aminopenicillin-resistant E. coli was the leading pathogen–drug combination in 15 countries for deaths associated with AMR. Interpretation Given the burden across different countries, infectious syndromes, and pathogen–drug combinations, AMR represents a substantial health threat in the Americas. Countries with low access to antibiotics and basic health-care services often face the largest age-standardised mortality rates associated with and attributable to AMR in the region, implicating specific policy interventions. Evidence from this study can guide mitigation efforts that are tailored to the needs of each country in the region while informing decisions regarding funding and resource allocation. Multisectoral and joint cooperative efforts among countries will be a key to success in tackling AMR in the Americas.publishedVersio

Identifying the research, advocacy, policy and implementation needs for the prevention and management of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection in low- and middle-income countries

Introduction: The high burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in young children disproportionately occurs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The PROUD (Preventing RespiratOry syncytial virUs in unDerdeveloped countries) Taskforce of 24 RSV worldwide experts assessed key needs for RSV prevention in LMICs, including vaccine and newer preventive measures. Methods: A global, survey-based study was undertaken in 2021. An online questionnaire was developed following three meetings of the Taskforce panellists wherein factors related to RSV infection, its prevention and management were identified using iterative questioning. Each factor was scored, by non-panellists interested in RSV, on a scale of zero (very-low-relevance) to 100 (very-high-relevance) within two scenarios: (1) Current and (2) Future expectations for RSV management. Results: Ninety questionnaires were completed: 70 by respondents (71.4% physicians; 27.1% researchers/scientists) from 16 LMICs and 20 from nine high-income (HI) countries (90.0% physicians; 5.0% researchers/scientists), as a reference group. Within LMICs, RSV awareness was perceived to be low, and management was not prioritised. Of the 100 factors scored, those related to improved diagnosis particularly access to affordable point-of-care diagnostics, disease burden data generation, clinical and general education, prompt access to new interventions, and engagement with policymakers/payers were identified of paramount importance. There was a strong need for clinical education and local data generation in the lowest economies, whereas upper-middle income countries were more closely aligned with HI countries in terms of current RSV service provision. Conclusion: Seven key actions for improving RSV prevention and management in LMICs are proposed