An example of a constructive specification of a queue, preliminary report, appendix B

An example is presented of the constructive specification of a queue which is done in the style of (Jones 80) using the Vienna Development Method. The basic approach is that of data type refinement. The techniques used are not restricted to those used by Jones, particularly with respect to the method for proving properties of the retrieve function for linked lists, however the notation is consistent with his

CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN CHINA'S RURAL PERIODIC MARKETS

Can we find traditional periodic markets in the milieu of market activity that abounds in contemporary China today? As reform is transforming the rural economy, is periodic markets activity being intensified or undermined? What factors account for the evolution of China's rural markets? The goal of this paper is to provide answers to some of these questions. In one sense, the study seeks to add to Skinner's seminal work by analyzing a set of primary data collected by the authors on periodic markets in today's rural China. The paper subjects a number of Skinner's pre-dictions to quantitative testing, and updates his theory to account for institutional peculiarities in the contemporary period. In another sense, however, our study stands on its own. We make an inquiry into the characteristics of rural market emergence in contemporary China, seeking to untangle the determinants of the rise and decline of market activity.Marketing,

Characterization of Photoacoustic Flow Cytometry Signals

Photoacoustic flow cytometry has been utilized to clinically determine the presence of melanoma circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Further investigation was conducted into the morphology of detection signals and how they could be manipulated to allow for further classification. Novel features were extracted from waveforms that appear to have strong classification ability. Neural networks were also used to determine classification potential and the creation of feature mapping for future unsupervised classification. Detections were expanded from single waves to a time dependent multiwave event. Waveforms were also determined to be of non-parametric distribution, allowing for classification by neural network but not allowing for reduction into feature maps with techniques used in the study

Some preliminary experiments on physiology of Charophyta

1. The rliizoids represent the main organs of absorption of nutritive materials by Charophyta. The stem i. e. thallus surface has in this respect but a subordinate function. They can therefore as far as absorption is concerned be compared to the phanerogamous submerse water-plants. 2. The Charophyta grow best in natural siough soil, and in marked decrease steadily weaker in garden-soil, clay- and sandy- soil. 3. The Charophyta are typical shade-plants because they grow best in diffused shadowy light. Their vegetative growth is strongly influenced by direct light. 4. Weak nutrition and strong insolation hasten the fruit formation of the Charophyta. 5. Calcium is indispensable to Chara fragilis

Strategies to Improve Patient Compliance Regarding Smoking Cessation

Exposure to cigarette smoke in the oral cavity alters the function of key periodontal pathogens such as P. gingivalis, promoting biofilm formation, colonization, and infection. The purpose of this review is to investigate how improved education on smoking can decrease negative oral health risks. Education amongst healthcare professionals and their patients is positively correlated to smoking cessation. Smoking counseling has been shown to be more effective when given by multiple healthcare professionals outside of and in addition to primary care. Evidence shows that the chances of breaking smoking habits increase as smoking cessation counseling, cost-free medications, and follow up visits increase. Quit rates amongst patients rise when both motivational interviewing and increased health education are implemented by healthcare providers. Literature indicates there is a need for improved collaboration between the medical and dental fields in order to improve oral health education for the general public. Research also shows that healthcare providers using multiple methods of smoking counseling in conjunction with one another have greater rates of success where decreased smoking rates are concerned.https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/denh_student/1036/thumbnail.jp

Perceptions of employability among London's low-paid: 'self-determination' or ethnicity?

We investigate how ethnicity, gender and other characteristics affect low-paid workers’ perceptions of their employability in London’s labour market, examining ‘self-determination’, ethnic and dual labour market theories. We find that perceptions vary considerably, both between genders and ethnicities and in the extent to which they are ‘justified’ by human capital attributes. Optimism varies between genders and ethnic groups but individuals’ perceptions vary to an even greater extent within genders and ethnic groups. Hence, individual-level ‘self-determination’ explanations of these perceptions appear to have greatest explanatory power though ethnic theories also have utility