Phytochemical Constituents and Analgesic Activity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Punicagranatum L (Punicaceae)

Purpose: To investigate the active fraction of pomegranate fruit extract and screen it for analgesic activity.Methods: The analgesic activity of pomegranate ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc) was examined using three models of pain: writhing, hot tail flick and plantar tests. EtOAc was administered by oral gavage in doses of 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg, p.o., for all the tests and compared to aspirin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) which was used as standard drug. Phytochemical studies of EtOAc were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection and mass spectrometry (MS).Results: In the writhing test, the index of pain inhibition (IPI) was 41 % for EtOAc (200 mg/kg, p.o.) and 56 % for aspirin. In the hot tail flick test, EtOAc (200 mg/kg, p.o.) showed analgesia reaching its peak at 60 min with maximum possible analgesia (MPA) of 30.5 %, compared with 43.8 % for aspirin. Plantar test showed that pain was reduced by EtOAc in a dose-dependent manner and compared well with aspirin at 100 mg/kg, p.o., dose. The 200 mg/kg dose showed the highest effect, prolonging withdrawal latency in the left hind paw to 11.9 ± 0.3 compared to aspirin with 13.4 ± 0.2 (p < 0.001). HPLC analysis of EtOAc revealed the presence of gallic acid, ellagic acid and punicalagins A & B. Confirmation of their structures was achieved by mass spectroscopy.Conclusion: EtOAc has a central and peripheral analgesic effect that is most likely due to the presence of gallic acid and ellagic acid.Keywords: Analgesia, Pomegranate, Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Punicalagins, Phytochemical constituent

L’ Industrie Assurancielle en Algérie : Etat des Lieux

Cet article a pour objectif de présenter l’évolution du marché Algérien des assurances et les différents acteurs intervenants dans le marché en premier lieu, avant d’analyser ensuite la position macro-économique du secteur et la situation technique du marché durant la période 2009-2015. Mots-clés : Marché des assurances, Economie Algérienne, Système financier.. الملخص: يهدف هذا المقال إلى تبيان مراحل تطور قطاع للتأمينات في الجزائر مع عرض مختلف الفاعلين و المتدخلين في السوق، ثم دراسة و تحليل وضعية قطاع التأمين على مستوى الاقتصاد الكلي و كذا على المستوى الفني أو التقني خلال الفترة 2009-2015.   الكلمات المفتاحية: سوق التأمينات، الاقتصاد الجزائري، النظام المالي

Potencial regulador de parasitoides sobre poblaciones de Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) en laboratorio, bajo condiciones semiáridas

This study aims to evaluate the regulatory potential of Lysiphlebus testaceipes and Aphidius matricariae over Aphis gossypii in semiarid laboratory conditions. Our results showed that the longevity of L. testaceipes females was significantly lower than A. matricariae ones. The daily mummification rate of aphid was more important for L. testaceipes than for A. matricariae and declined with parasitoids age. Overall, both the mummification rates and the emergence rates were the highest in L. testaceipes. A. matricariae offspring developed in a shorter time compared to L. testaceipes ones. The overall sex ratio did not vary according to parasitoid species. From our results L. testaceipes was more effective for the biological control of A. gossypii on potato in the semi-arid agro-ecosystems.Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el potencial regulador de Lysiphlebus testaceipes y Aphidius matricariae sobre Aphis gossypii en condiciones de laboratorio semiáridas. Nuestros resultados mostraron que la longevidad de las hembras de L. testaceipes fue significativamente menor que la de A. matricariae. El porcentaje diario de momificación fue más importante para L. testaceipes que para A. matricariae y disminuyó con la edad de los parasitoides. En general, las tasas de momificación y de emergencia fueron más altas en L. testaceipes. La descendencia de A. matricariae se desarrolló en menos tiempo que la de L. testaceipes. La proporción sexual no varió respecto a las especies parasitoides. Con nuestros resultados, L. testaceipes fue más efectivo para el control biológico de A.&nbsp

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN SUCCESS OF STARTUPS IN ALGERIA

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the role of technological innovation in the success of startups in Algeria, with the aim of musering impact of Technological innovation has a positive impact on the survival of emerging enterprises by providing innovative products or services, which enhances their chances of survival in the market, and their innovative business models that help them compete and survive for a longer period in the market.   Theoretical Framework: In this topic, the main concepts and theories that underpin the research are presented. Rupert Maclaurin developed Schumpeter's ideas and analysed technological innovation as a process and proposed the theory of technological innovation, which was later called the linear model of innovation, and Skawińska and Zalewski see that: Success of startups is about achieving a competitive advantage, which is embodied in the possession and application of intangible and unique resources and skills to meet the needs of the market faster and in a better way than competitors .  stand out, providing a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation.   Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises studying a sample of Algerian startups. Technological innovation in startups has been measured through three dimensions: product or service, process, and business. As for the impact on the success of startups, it has been measured through four dimensions: financing, revenues, employment, and survival. Data collection was carried out through by a questionnaire was presented in this study to a sample of startups in Algeria, and analysing the data based by the statistical program SPSS, V29 and partial least squares path modelling with Plspm package of the R program].   Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that there is a positive impact of technological innovation on the success of startups and on both financing, revenues, employment, and survival. Besides, there are no statistically significant differences for personal and professional variables, except for gender, on the success of startups in Algeria. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications and relationships identified. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of Business management for startups. These implications could encompass small and medium enterprises in the North African region.   Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by  accessing a new field of knowledge in Algeria, represented by emerging institutions, and the challenge of their continuity and success in competitive markets, as well as the use of new statistical methods. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by  confirmed results that the Technological innovation have a positive impact on financing Starups through innovative products and services provided by enterprises, which lead to increased investment and attract investor interest in emerging enterprises that have an innovative and scalable business model, improving opportunities for obtaining financing, as well as gaining new clients and users to create a new revenue streams through innovative products and services provided, and innovation in the process also contributes to reducing costs and increasing revenues

El estado de los derechos fundamentales de los inmigrantes en España y su sistema de garantías

The fundamental rights of immigrants challenge and test many concepts such as the extension and universality of immigrants in the face of forms of exclusion from the social welfare system by erecting citizenship as the ultimate privilege of the state National. Citizenship and social status become inviolable frontiers to foster natural exclusion. Despite their constitutional foresight and proclamation, these rights have a problem of effectiveness. True integration is about dispairing citizenship from the concept of nation and linking it to the logics of the rule of law and representative democracy, given that the underlying issue is economic in nature. Good management of plurality and diversity in society is done through rights and warns against the instrumentalization of immigration for electoral purposes in a context marked by the return of populism and the false propaganda of the social emergency. The expansion of democracy would limit itself to include the most vulnerable circles, it can be realized through the effectiveness of rights and thereby convey the true image of the democracy that Western wants to spread in the world.exclusión del sistema de bienestar social erigiendo a la ciudadanía como último privilegio del estado nacional. La ciudadanía y el estado social se convierten en fronteras inviolables para fomentan una exclusión natural. A pesar de su previsión y proclamación constitucional, estos derechos tienen un problema de eficacia. La verdadera integración pasa por desvincular la ciudadanía del concepto de nación y ligarla a las lógicas del Estado de derecho y la democracia representativa habida cuenta de que la cuestión de fondo es de índole económica. Una buena gestión de la pluralidad y diversidad en la sociedad se hace a través de los derechos y advierte contra la instrumentalización de la inmigración por fines electorales en un contexto marcado por la vuelta del populismo y la falsa propaganda de la emergencia social. La expansión de la democracia hacía sus límites para incluir los círculos más vulnerables se puede hacer realidad a través de la efectividad de los derechos y con ello trasmite la verdadera imagen de la democracia que quiere occidente difundir en el mundo

Evaluation and Diversity of Aphids on Two Tomato Crops in Tizi-Ouzou (North Algeria), and First Report of Semiaphis Dauci (Fabricius, 1775) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Algeria

Aphids are among the phytophagous insects causing the greatest economic losses. This study was carried out to evaluate the diversity and abundance of aphids in two tomato crops grown in an open field in two localities situated at Tizi-Ouzou (North Algeria). The aphid’s inventory was carried out using yellow traps. 926 winged aphids were trapped, representing 55 species. The aphid fauna recorded was divided into 4 subfamilies, 6 tribes and 31 genera. The aphid’s diversity trapped in Zahra variety field was higher with 41 species, compared to 29 species in Zin 45 variety field, with one species recorded for the first time in Algeria, namely Semiaphis dauci (Fabricius, 1775). The density and diversity of aphids differed from one field to another depending on climatic factors and the availability of host plants. Direct observations on plants allowed the identification of three aphid species, namely Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763 Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 and Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776)

An Investigation into the Relationship between British Civilization Teachers’ Methodology and Students’ Learning Achievements

The purpose behind this investigation is to probe first year LMD teachers’ methodology and their students’ learning achievements – at Blida2 University - in the subject of British Civilization in terms of improving their English language proficiency and grasping the content of the subject matter simultaneously. Throughout an analytical descriptive study, the focus is made on revealing the inadequacy of the prevailing teaching methodology of British Civilization in terms of being:(1) non-convergent with current EFL teaching methodologies, which stress the development of language proficiency through interactive communication in the language classroom, and (2) hindering students’ achievements in the subject of British Civilization. This study relies on three research instruments: a questionnaire for first year LMD students, a structured interview for first year LMD teachers of British Civilization besides students’ British Civilization exam papers analysis. Yet, on the basis of literature reading and the results obtained from the study, some recommendations are made in order to ameliorate the current teaching methodology of British Civilization course in first year LMD classroom. Thus, students are hopefully expected to improve their English language proficiency and attain their achievements in British Civilization subject

Evidence of anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties of aerial parts of Centaurea tougourensis Boiss. and Reut.

Purpose: To determine the anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties of the aerial parts of Centaurea tougourensis Boiss. & Reut. Methods: The effects of n-butanol (n-BuOH) extract of the aerial part of Centaurea tougourensis on carrageenan-induced paw edema and ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage were determined at 2 doses (200 and 400 mg/kg, po) in a mouse model. For each test, the animals were randomly divided into negative and positive control groups, as well as extract-treated groups. The mice were observed for any sign of inflammation for a period of 24h. Results: Reduction of paw edema by C. tougourensis extract was highly significant (p < 0.001) at a dose of 400 mg/kg 24 h after carrageenan injection, with 55.26 % inhibition, followed very closely by 53.15 % inhibition at the dose of 200 mg/kg; indomethacin group showed an inhibition of 60 %. Histological examination supported the inhibition results. A significant reduction in inflammation by the extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg was also observed. No sign of ulcer was observed with C. tougourensis at the two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg). The total polyphenol content of the n-BuOH extract was 85.44 цg gallic acid equivalent/mg of extract. Tannins were the most abundant fraction (51.87 цg tannic acid equivalent/mg of extract), followed by flavonoids (25.55 цg quercetin equivalent/mg of extract). Conclusion: The results indicate that C. tougourensis may have potential beneficial effects in the treatment of diseases associated with inflammation and pain, besides its protective effect on the gastrointestinal tract