Short periodic orbits theory for partially open quantum maps

We extend the semiclassical theory of short periodic orbits [Phys. Rev. E {\bf 80}, 035202(R) (2009)] to partially open quantum maps. They correspond to classical maps where the trajectories are partially bounced back due to a finite reflectivity $R$. These maps are representative of a class that has many experimental applications. The open scar functions are conveniently redefined, providing a suitable tool for the investigation of these kind of systems. Our theory is applied to the paradigmatic partially open tribaker map. We find that the set of periodic orbits that belong to the classical repeller of the open map ($R=0$) are able to support the set of long-lived resonances of the partially open quantum map in a perturbative regime. By including the most relevant trajectories outside of this set, the validity of the approximation is extended to a broad range of $R$ values. Finally, we identify the details of the transition from qualitatively open to qualitatively closed behaviour, providing an explanation in terms of short periodic orbits.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Norwegian outward FDI and its policy context

Norwegian outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) has increased substantially since the turn of the millennium: the country's stock of US$30 billion in 2000 had grown to US$121 billion in 2008, i.e. a 300% increase. That represents a notable average annual growth rate of 19%. But the development of Norwegian OFDI has been rather uneven, with stable periods punctuated by boom years. 2008 ended at the same level as the preceding year, reflecting the cooling down of the world economy as a result of the international financial crisis and recession. The latest available data indicate that OFDI remained in a slump in 2009. As a country with liberal policies regarding companies' foreign activities, the composition of Norwegian OFDI largely follows the structure of Norway's private sector economy, with a striking dominance of the manufacturing, oil and gas and shipping sectors

The role of short periodic orbits in quantum maps with continuous openings

We apply a recently developed semiclassical theory of short periodic orbits to the continuously open quantum tribaker map. In this paradigmatic system the trajectories are partially bounced back according to continuous reflectivity functions. This is relevant in many situations that include optical microresonators and more complicated boundary conditions. In a perturbative regime, the shortest periodic orbits belonging to the classical repeller of the open map - a cantor set given by a region of exactly zero reflectivity - prove to be extremely robust in supporting a set of long-lived resonances of the continuously open quantum maps. Moreover, for step like functions a significant reduction in the number needed is obtained, similarly to the completely open situation. This happens despite a strong change in the spectral properties when compared to the discontinuous reflectivity case.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1604.0181

Governmental goals and the international strategies of state-owned multinational enterprises: a conceptual discussion

State owned multinational enterprises (SOMNEs) have received extensive attention in recent research in international business and corporate governance, which demonstrates effects of state ownership on a range of international strategic decisions such as the degree of internationalization, foreign entry modes, and host country location choices. Such effects are explained by factors such as SOMNEs’ non-financial goals, corporate governance, and institutional pressures. However, results are mixed and context-dependent, and overall we still have an incomplete understanding of what governments aim to achieve through SOMNEs, and how these goals in turn lead to different international strategies. This conceptual article aims to explore how specific government goals may affect international strategies. We provide a more fine-grained view on SOMNE financial and non-financial goals and link them to key international strategic decisions such as the degree of internationalization, entry and establishment modes, and host country location choice. We review and extend previous literature and identify novel theoretical arguments, leading to an extensive set of propositions. We also sketch ideas for empirical studies of SOMNE objectives

Inward FDI in Norway and its policy context

Norwegian inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) has increased rapidly since 2000. A stock of US$30 billion in 2000 grew by almost 300$ 116 billion by 2009, a growth stronger than that of most other OECD member countries. The development of Norwegian IFDI has been rather uneven, with stable periods punctuated by boom years. IFDI in 2008 was lower than in 2007, partly reflecting the cooling down of the world economy as a result of the international financial and economic crisis. The latest available data indicate that IFDI remained in a slump in 2009. The composition of Norwegian IFDI largely follows the structure of Norway's private-sector economy, with a clear dominance of the oil and gas sector. The manufacturing sector is gradually losing its appeal to foreign investors, although more slowly than one would expect considering the reduced importance of this sector in the Norwegian economy

Mode Combinations and International Operations: Theoretical Issues and an Empirical Investigation

An enduring characteristic of extant literature on foreign operation modes is its discrete choice approach, where companies are assumed to choose one among a small number of distinctive alternatives. • In this paper, detailed information about the operations of six Norwegian companies in three key markets (China, UK and USA) is used as the basis for an exploration of the extent to which, and how and why, companies combine clearly different foreign operation modes. We examine their use of foreign operation mode combinations within given value activities as well as within given countries. • The study reveals that companies tend to combine modes of operation; thereby producing unique foreign operation mode “packages” for given activities and/or countries, and that the packages are liable to be modified over time – providing a potentially important optional path for international expansion. • The data show considerable variation across cases; ranging from extensive use of mode combinations to a singular focus on a specific mode of operation. The study contributes to a refinement of our understanding of the path of internationalisation, and throws up a number of awkward theoretical questions about the process

On the environmental stability of quantum chaotic ratchets

The transitory and stationary behavior of a quantum chaotic ratchet consisting of a biharmonic potential under the effect of different drivings in contact with a thermal environment is studied. For weak forcing and finite $\hbar$, we identify a strong dependence of the current on the structure of the chaotic region. Moreover, we have determined the robustness of the current against thermal fluctuations in the very weak coupling regime. In the case of strong forcing, the current is determined by the shape of a chaotic attractor. In both cases the temperature quickly stabilizes the ratchet, but in the latter it also destroys the asymmetry responsible for the current generation. Finally, applications to isomerization reactions are discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Predicting the Diversity of Foreign Entry Modes

This paper expands entry mode literature by referring to multiple modes exerted in different value chain activities within and across host markets, rather than to a single entry mode at the host market level. Scale of operations and knowledge intensity are argued to affect firms’ entry mode diversity across value chain activities and host markets. Analyzing a sample of Israeli based firms we show that larger firms exhibit a higher degree of entry mode diversity both across value chain activities and across host markets. Higher levels of knowledge intensity are also associated with more diversity in firms’ entry modes across both dimensions

Classical transients and the support of open quantum maps

The basic ingredients in a semiclassical theory are the classical invariant objects serving as a support for the quantization. Recent studies, mainly obtained on quantum maps, have led to the commonly accepted belief that it is the classical repeller -- the set of non escaping orbits in the future and past evolution -- the object that suitably plays this role in open scattering systems. In this paper we present numerical evidence warning that this may not always be the case. For this purpose we study recently introduced families of tribaker maps [L. Ermann, G.G. Carlo, J.M. Pedrosa, and M. Saraceno, Phys. Rev. E {\bf 85}, 066204 (2012)], which share the same asymptotic properties but differ in their short time behavior. We have found that although the eigenvalue distribution of the evolution operator of these maps follows the fractal Weyl law prediction, the theory of short periodic orbits for open maps fails to describe the resonance eigenfunctions of some of them. This is a strong indication that new elements must be included in the semiclassical description of open quantum systems.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figure

Observation of an Excited Bc+ State

Using pp collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 8.5 fb-1 recorded by the LHCb experiment at center-of-mass energies of s=7, 8, and 13 TeV, the observation of an excited Bc+ state in the Bc+π+π- invariant-mass spectrum is reported. The observed peak has a mass of 6841.2±0.6(stat)±0.1(syst)±0.8(Bc+) MeV/c2, where the last uncertainty is due to the limited knowledge of the Bc+ mass. It is consistent with expectations of the Bc∗(2S31)+ state reconstructed without the low-energy photon from the Bc∗(1S31)+→Bc+γ decay following Bc∗(2S31)+→Bc∗(1S31)+π+π-. A second state is seen with a global (local) statistical significance of 2.2σ (3.2σ) and a mass of 6872.1±1.3(stat)±0.1(syst)±0.8(Bc+) MeV/c2, and is consistent with the Bc(2S10)+ state. These mass measurements are the most precise to date