Estudo da variabilidade intraespecífica do gene do RNA ribossomal (rRNA) em cepas de Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920 isoladas de diferentes regiões geográficas

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia.O Trypanosoma rangeli, assim como o T. cruzi, são protozoários hemoflagelados, parasitas de uma grande variedade de mamíferos domésticos e silvestres, incluindo humanos, numa ampla extensão da América do Sul e Central. Apesar da aparente apatogenicidade para mamíferos, o T. rangeli determina reações sorológicas cruzadas com T. cruzi, dificultando desta forma o diagnóstico sorológico da doença de Chagas. Uma grande heterogeneidade intra-populacional destes parasitas foi comprovada pelas marcantes diferenças no comportamento biológico tanto em hospedeiros vertebrado como invertebrados e, mais recentemente, por vários marcadores moleculares. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo avaliou comparativamente os espaçadores ITS-1 e ITS-2 que flanqueiam a subunidade 5,8S do gene do RNA ribossomal (rRNA) entre diferentes cepas de T. rangeli isoladas de hospedeiros e origens geográficas distintas. Tendo revelado um baixo nível de variabilidade de ambos os espaçadores entre as cepas estudadas, os resultados revelaram a existência de polimorfismos de mononucleotídeos (SNP's) na subunidade 5,8S do gene do rRNA. Apesar da observação que o espaçador ITS-1 demonstrou-se menos polimórfico que o ITS-2, não foi possível realizar nenhuma inferência epidemiológica. A inclusão de seqüências homólogas do gene do rRNA de cepas de T. cruzi e Leishmania sp. demonstrou a possível utilização deste marcador na diferenciação interespecífica de tripanosomatídeos

Estudo dos genes envolvidos na defesa antioxidante de tripanosomatídeos e caracterização molecular e funcional das enzimas tripanotiona redutase e triparedoxina peroxidase em Trypanosoma rangeli

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biociências, Florianópolis, 2016.Trypanosoma rangeli é um parasito hemoflagelado pertencente à Ordem Kinetoplastea, grupo ancestral de protistas que contém grande diversidade de espécies, entre elas organismos de vida livre e parasitos com distintos mecanismos de resposta ao estresse oxidativo. Um dos objetivos deste trabalho foi caracterizar in silico enzimas envolvidas direta ou indiretamente na defesa antioxidante de T. rangeli, além de compará-las a suas ortólogas junto a diferentes espécies de Kinetoplastídeos. Dos genes analisados, não foram identificados em T. rangeli: cisteína sintase, ornitina decarboxilase, glutamilespermidina sintase e ascorbato peroxidase, embora o primeiro e o último tenham sido identificados como pseudogenes. Todos os genes foram identificados em Bodo saltans, sugerindo que os mecanismos antioxidantes evoluíram antes do aparecimento do parasitismo nesse grupo. De forma geral, observou-se que a variabilidade de enzimas no sistema antioxidante a nível genômico entre tripanosomatídeos relaciona-se a adaptações específicas ao parasitismo em ampla gama de hospedeiros e sua transmissão pelos vetores e não somente ao isolamento geográfico. Entre as enzimas analisadas, duas destacam-se em relação a infectividade e virulência em tripanosomatídeos patogênicos, a tripanotiona redutase (TRed) e triparedoxina peroxidase em suas isoformas citosólica (TRPxcit) e mitocondrial (TRPxmit). O gene da TrTRed possui uma ORF de 1.473 pb (~490 aa/ 53 kDa) estando presente em cópia única no genoma haploide de T. rangeli. A análise da proteína predita da TrTRed revelou a presença de dois domínios relacionados à ação oxidoredutase. O gene da TrTRPxcit apresentou-se com 549 pb gerando uma proteína com 182 aminoácidos (~ 20 kDa), enquanto para TrTRPxmit a ORF possui 681pb que prediz uma sequência de 266 aminoácidos (~25 kDa). A análise das sequências aminoacídicas deduzidas da TrTRPxcit e TrTRPxmit revelou a presença dos domínios VCP e ICP, respectivamente, além das cisteínas peroxidásica (Cp) e de resolução (Cr). A análise da expressão gênica e proteíca de TrTREd, TrTRPxcit e TrTRPxmit revelou ausência de expressão significativa estágio-específica, porém a espressão da TRed é significativamente maior em T. cruzi do que em T. rangeli. O estresse oxidativo gerado pela adição de H2O2 não induziu alterações significativas na expressão de nenhuma proteína analisada. A presença de antioxidantes como N-acetilcisteína (NAC) e glutationa reduzida (GSH) no meio induziu a proliferação de epimastigotas in vitro, mas não alterou o perfil de expressão da TrTRed ao longo do tempo. A síntese de NADPH foi reduzida e a produção endógena de H2O2 é maior em T. rangeli quando comparada a T. cruzi. Estudos enzimáticos em extratos de T. rangeli mostraram maior atividade da TRed em epimastigotas do que em tripomastigotas. A superexpressão da proteína TrTRed não influenciou o crescimento ou o processo de diferenciação em tripomastigotas in vitro e os parasitos transfectados (TRed+) mostraram aumento na resistência ao estresse induzido pelo H2O2. Conclui-se que o T. rangeli apresenta uma maquinaria de defesa antioxidante semelhante ao T. brucei e ao T. cruzi em função de presença/ausência de genes e quanto à similaridade nas sequências, respectivamente. Além disso, a TrTRed parece não ser a principal envolvida na resposta do T. rangeli ao ambiente oxidante em células do hospedeiro vertebrado, mas possui papel crucial durante a infecção do hospedeiro invertebrado.Abstract : Trypanosoma rangeli belongs to the Order Kinetoplastea, an ancestral group of protists containing a variety of free-living and parasitic species with distinct mechanisms of antioxidant defence. In this study we have characterized in silico the enzymes directly or indirectly involved on the T. rangeli response t oxidative stress and to comparatively characterize to its orthologs on other kinetoplastids. Ornithine decarboxylase, glutamyl spermidin synthase were not found on the T. rangeli genome while cysteine synthase and ascorbate peroxidase were found as pseudogenes. Since all genes related to antioxidant defence were found on Bodo saltans we hypothesize that such mechanism has evolved prior the parasitic lifestyle. As a rule, we have observed that genomic variability among the antioxidant system genes from trypanosomatids are related to specific adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle between distinct hosts and vectors instead of geographical isolation. Among the studied enzymes, the trypanotion reductase (TRed) and the cytosolic (TRPxcit) and mitochondrial (TRPxmit) forms of tryparedoxin peroxidase are related to virulence and infectivity. The T. rangeli TRed (TrTRed) is a singe-copy gene and has an ORF of 1.473 bp (~490 aa/ 53 kDa) and the predicted TrTRed proteins revealed two oxidoreductase-related domains. The TrTRPxcit gene is 549 bp long coding to a 182 aa protein (~ 20 kDa) while the TrTRPxmit is 681 bp long, predicting to 266 aa protein (~25 kDa). Both TrTRPxcit and TrTRPxmit proteins revealed the presence of the VCP and ICP domains, respectively, along the peroxidatic cysteine (Cp) and resolving cysteine (Cr). The transcription and expression profiles of TrTREd, TrTRPxcit and TrTRPxmit revealed the no stage-specific differences, but was significatly higher in T. cruzi than T. rangeli. No differences on expression were observed for any of the analyzed genes when parasites were exposed to an H2O2-induced stress. Addition of antioxidants such as NAC and GSH on the culture media induced proliferation of epimastigotes in vitro, not altering the TrTRed expression overtime. NADPH generation is lower and production of endogenous H2O2 is higher in T. rangeli Choachí strain than in T. cruzi Y strain epimastigotes. Enzymatic assays revealed an increased activity of TRed on T. rangeli epimastigotes than trypomastigotes. Overexpression of TrTRed has no influence on the growth or on the in vitro differentiation to trypomastigotes, but transfectants revealed an increased resistance to a H2O2-induced stress. Based on the presence/absence of genes and on the sequence similarity, the T. rangeli antioxidant machinery is related to T. brucei and to T. cruzi, respectively. Also, TrTRed seems not to be the main enzyme involved on the T. rangeli response to the oxidative stress on the mamalian host, but having crucial relevance on the infection of the insect vectors

Molecular epidemiology of camel trypanosomiasis based on ITS1 rDNA and RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in the Sudan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA is known to be a suitable target for PCR-based detection of trypanosomes. The analysis of this region provides a multi-species-specific diagnosis by a single PCR. Using ITS1 primer-based PCR, a cross sectional study was carried out in the period from September to November 2009 on samples collected from 687 camels from geographically distinct zones in the Sudan to detect all possible African trypanosomes, which can infect camels.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The results showed that all PCR-positive camels were infected with a single parasite species; <it>Trypanosoma evansi</it>. The highest prevalence, 57.1% (117/205), was observed in the Butana plains of mid-Eastern Sudan and the lowest, 6.0% (4/67), was in the Umshadeeda eastern part of White Nile State. In another experiment, the RoTat 1.2 gene encoding the variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) of <it>T. evansi </it>was analyzed for its presence or absence by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using <it>T. evansi </it>species-specific primers. The study showed that the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene was absent in thirteen out of thirty <it>T. evansi</it>-positive samples.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>It is concluded that camel trypanosomiasis in Sudan is apparently caused by a single parasite species <it>T. evansi </it>and there were no other typanosomes species detected. In addition, the disease is highly prevalent in the country, which strengthens the need to change control policies and institute measures that help prevent the spread of the parasite. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular diagnosis report, which gives a picture of camel trypanosomiasis covering large geographical areas in Sudan.</p

Local Diversification of Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST239 in South America After Its Rapid Worldwide Dissemination

The global spread of specific clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a major public health problem, and understanding the dynamics of geographical spread requires worldwide surveillance. Over the past 20 years, the ST239 lineage of MRSA has been recognized as an emerging clone across the globe, with detailed studies focusing on isolates from Europe and Asia. Less is known about this lineage in South America, and, particularly, Brazil where it was the predominant lineage of MRSA in the early 1990s to 2000s. To gain a better understanding about the introduction and spread of ST239 MRSA in Brazil we undertook a comparative phylogenomic analysis of ST239 genomes, adding seven completed, closed Brazilian genomes. Brazilian ST239 isolates grouped in a subtree with those from South American, and Western, romance-language-speaking, European countries, here designated the South American clade. After an initial worldwide radiation in the 1960s and 1970s, we estimate that ST239 began to spread in South America and Brazil in approximately 1988. This clone demonstrates specific genomic changes that are suggestive of local divergence and adaptational change including agrC single-nucleotide polymorphisms variants, and a distinct pattern of virulence-associated genes (mainly the presence of the chp and the absence of sea and sasX). A survey of a geographically and chronologically diverse set of 100 Brazilian ST239 isolates identified this virulence genotype as the predominant pattern in Brazil, and uncovered an unexpectedly high prevalence of agr-dysfunction (30%). ST239 isolates from Brazil also appear to have undergone transposon (IS256) insertions in or near global regulatory genes (agr and mgr) that likely led to rapid reprogramming of bacterial traits. In general, the overall pattern observed in phylogenomic analyses of ST239 is of a rapid initial global radiation, with subsequent local spread and adaptation in multiple different geographic locations. Most ST239 isolates harbor the ardA gene, which we show here to have in vivo anti-restriction activity. We hypothesize that this gene may have improved the ability of this lineage to acquire multiple resistance genes and distinct virulence-associated genes in each local context. The allopatric divergence pattern of ST239 also may suggest strong selective pressures for specific traits in different geographical locations

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

A Comparative Study of the Antioxidant Defense Gene Repertoire of Distinct Lifestyle Trypanosomatid Species

Kinetoplastids are an ancestral group of protists that contains free-living species and parasites with distinct mechanisms in response to stress. Here, we compared genes involved in antioxidant defense (AD), proposing an evolution model among trypanosomatids. All genes were identified in Bodo saltans , suggesting that AD mechanisms have evolved prior to adaptation for parasitic lifestyles. While most of the monoxenous and dixenous parasites revealed minor differences from B. saltans , the endosymbiont-bearing species have an increased number of genes. The absence of these genes was mainly observed in the extracellular parasites of the genera Phytomonas and Trypanosoma. In trypanosomes, a distinction was observed between stercorarian and salivarian parasites, except for Trypanosoma rangeli. Our analyses indicate that the variability of AD among trypanosomatids at the genomic level is not solely due to the geographical isolation, being mainly related to specific adaptations of their distinct biological cycles within insect vectors and to a parasitism of a wide range of hosts