Left Behind: Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital in the Midst of HIV/AIDS

This paper provides evidence on how adverse health conditions affect the transfer of human capital from one generation to the next. We explore the differential exposure to HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa as a substantial health shock to both household and community environment. We utilize the recent rounds of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa that provide information on mother’s HIV status and enable us to link mothers and their children. The data also allow us to distinguish between two separate channels that are likely to differentially affect the intergenerational transfers: mother’s HIV status and community HIV prevalence. First, we find that mothers transfer 37% of their human capital to their children in the developing economies in sub-Saharan Africa. Second, our results show that mother's HIV status has large detrimental effect on inheritability of human capital. HIV-infected mothers are 30% less likely to transfer their human capital to their children. Finally, focusing only on non-infected mothers and their children, we find that HIV prevalence in the community also significantly impairs the intergenerational human capital transfers even if mother is HIV negative. The findings of this paper is particularly distressing for these already poor, HIV-torn countries as in the future they will have even lower overall level of human capital due to the epidemic.HIV/AIDS, intergenerational transmission, human capital investment

Left Behind: Intergenerational Transmission of Human Captial in the Midst of HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS, Intergenerational Transmission; Human Capital Investment; JEL: O12, I1, I2

HIV and Fertility in Africa: First Evidence from Population Based Surveys

The historical pattern of the demographic transition suggests that fertility declines follow mortality declines, followed by a rise in human capital accumulation and economic growth. The HIV/AIDS epidemic threatens to reverse this path. A recent paper by Young (2005), however, suggests that similar to the "Black Death" episode in Europe, HIV/AIDS will actually lead to higher growth per capita among the a affected African countries. Not only will population decline, behavioral responses in fertility will reinforce this decline by reducing the willingness to engage in unprotected sex. We utilize recent rounds of the Demographic and Health Surveys that link an individual woman’s fertility outcomes to her HIV status based on testing. The data allows us to distinguish the effect of own positive HIV status on fertility (which may be due to lower fecundity and other physiological reasons) from the behavioral response to higher mortality risk, as measured by the local community HIV prevalence. We show that HIV-infected women have significantly lower fertility. In contrast to Young (2005), however, we find that local community HIV prevalence has no significant effect on non-infected women's fertility.HIV/AIDS, fertility, economic development

Bacterial and Fungal Species Isolated From Dogs With Otitis Externa

This study was conducted to detect the distribution of bacterial and mycotic agents and the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from dogs with infective otitis externa for an 11-year period. Samples, collected from the external ear canal of 475 dogs, were analysed by conventional bacteriological and mycological methods between the years of 2005 and 2016. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Bacterial growth was observed in 328 of 475 swab samples collected from the dogs. Of 434 isolated bacteria, 281 isolates (64.7%) were Gram-positive cocci, 151 isolates (34.8%) were Gram-negative rods and 2 isolates (0.5%) were Gram-positive rods. The most frequently isolated microorganisms was Staphylococcus intermedius (18.7 %), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.9%), Escherichia coli (7.1%) Proteus mirabilis (6.7 %) Micrococcus spp (4.1%) and Streptococcus canis (2.5 %). Mycological growth was also observed from 213 of 475 matching swabs. The results showed that the need for bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility tests for appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Mycological culture should also be performed in infectious otitis externa cases of dogs.Bu çalışma, 11 yıllık bir süre boyunca infektif otit eksternaları olan köpeklerden bakteriyel ve mikotik ajanların dağılımını ve bakteriyel izolatların antimikrobiyal duyarlılıklarını saptamak amacıyla yapıldı. 2005-2016 yılları arasında, 475 köpeğin dış kulak kanalından toplanan numuneler, geleneksel bakteriyolojik ve mikolojik yöntemlerle incelendi. İzolatların antimikrobiyal duyarlılıkları Kirby-Bauer disk difüzyon yöntemi ile belirlendi. Köpeklerden toplanan 475 sürüntü örneğinin 328'inde bakteriyolojik üreme gözlendi. İzole edilen 434 bakteriden 281’i (% 64.7) Gram pozitif kok, 151’i (% 34.8) Gram negatif çomak ve 2 izolat (%0.5) Gram pozitif basil olarak belirlendi. En sık izole edilen mikroorganizma Staphylococcus intermedius’tu (% 18.7), bunu Pseudomonas aeruginosa (% 12.9), Escherichia coli (% 7.1), Proteus mirabilis (% 6.7), Micrococcus spp (% 4.1) ve Streptococcus canis (% 2.5) izledi. Aynı zamanda, 475 swabın 213'ünde mikolojik üreme de görüldü. Sonuçlar, uygun antimikrobiyal tedavi için bakteri kültürü ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılık testlerine ihtiyaç duyulduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun yanısıra, köpeklerin enfeksiyöz otitis eksterna olgularında mikolojik kültür de yapılmalıdır

Where does Capital Flow? A Comparison of U.S. States and EU Countries 1950-2000

We find that the United States in the 1950s and 1960s was characterized by strong "catch-up growth" in the south with capital owing from rich northern states to poorer southern states - consistent with the predictions of the simple neoclassical model. After the 1970s, "catch-up growth" is mainly over in the United States and capital is owing to productive (rich) states. For Europe, we find that capital has been owing from the richer countries to the poorer countries since the 1970s with no signs yet of the "catch-up" phase having run its course, except for the country of Ireland.european capital markets, regional capital flows, institutions, regulations, Kalemli-Ozcan, Sorensen, Turan

Recurrent ventricular arrhythmias and myocardial infarctions associated with cocaine induced reversible coronary vasospasm

Cocaine has become the most frequently used illicit drug among patients presenting to emergency departments worldwide. Although acute myocardial infarction is the most common reported cardiovascular manifestation in this setting, there are many other potential cardiotoxic effects of cocaine use including coronary artery spasm, arrhythmia, and sudden death. We report the case of a 54 year-old male with angiographically documented reversible coronary arterial spasm leading to severe life-threatening recurrent ventricular arrhythmias and electrocardiographic changes suggesting acute myocardial infarction secondary to cocaine use. Recurrent ventricular arrhythmias of this patient required implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator which successfully treated following arrhythmia episodes. (Cardiol J 2010; 17, 5: 512-517

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN INSENTIF PAJAK, PENGETAHUAN PERPAJAKAN, DAN KESADARAN WAJIB PAJAK TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK UMKM DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji apakah dengan adanya peraturan pemerintah yang dibuat berupa insentif pajak dapat membantu pelaku UMKM yang terkena dampak pandemi. Selain itu dapat meningkatkan kesadaran wajib pajak UMKM dan juga meningkatkan kepatuhan para pelaku UMKM di Kota Yogyakarta. Penelitian yang dilakukan bersifat empiris kuantitatif dengan pengujian hipotesis menggunakan data primer. Metode pengambilan sampel, peneliti menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 100 wajib pajak UMKM di Kota Yogyakarta. Pengukuran penelitian ini menggunakan skala liketr dengan alat analisis berupa uji signifikansi parameter individual (t) menggunakan bantuan program SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan seluruh variabel penelitian mempunyai pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak akan tetapi masih banyak pelaku UMKM di Kota Yogyakarta tidak patuh melakukan kewajiban membayar pajak, ini disebabkan karena keengganan pelaku usaha UMKM berurusan dengan pajak dan selama pandemi Covid-19, banyak UMKM yang hampir tutup. Karena kurangnya pembeli, UMKM kesulitan cash flo

HIV and Fertility in Africa: First Evidence from Population Based Surveys

The historical pattern of the demographic transition suggests that fertility declines follow mortality declines, followed by a rise in human capital accumulation and economic growth. The HIV/AIDS epidemic threatens to reverse this path. A recent paper by Young (2005), however, suggests that similar to the "Black Death" episode in Europe, HIV/AIDS will actually lead to higher growth per capita among the affected African countries. Not only will population decline, behavioral responses in fertility will reinforce this decline by reducing the willingness to engage in unprotected sex. We utilize recent rounds of the Demographic and Health Surveys which link an individual woman's fertility outcomes to her HIV status based on testing. The data allows us to distinguish the effect of own positive HIV status on fertility (which may be due to lower fecundity and other physiological reasons) from the behavioral response to higher mortality risk, as measured by the local community HIV prevalence. We show that HIV-infected women have significantly lower fertility. In contrast to Young (2005), however, we find that local community HIV prevalence has no significant effect on non-infected women's fertility.